Inferno as a Manifestation of the Pain of Dante Alighieri Essay

Inferno as a Manifestation of the Pain of Dante Alighieri Dante's Inferno was an extraordinary epic sonnet of the early Renaissance. It was known for its keen editorial on political and strict levels, both profoundly woven into the work through moral story. Inferno, written in 1314 by Dante Alighieri, was the principal canticle of the Divine Comedy. Dante considered it a satire both in view of its cheerful consummation and its style, which lies between that of the disaster and that of the elegy.(Vossler, 665) Although most regarded scholars of the time wrote in Latin, Dante composed the Divine Comedy in the vernacular Italian language with the goal that the normal man could understand it. The way that this magnum opus was written in the vernacular raised Italian as the composed language of their new age. From the hopelessness and debasement encompassing him in his dearest Florence, he composed the satire since he wished to demonstrate the way to goodness, the salvation of the human spirit guided by both explanation and awesome grace.(Vossler, 665) Dante planned the work to be perused on three levels: exacting, figurative, and moral. The work was fundamentally written in eleven syllable lines assembled in threes to make interlocking terc ets. The rhyme conspire that he made f!or this is designated terza rima(Vossler, 664), which shapes the words in the example aba-bcb-cdc-ded, etc. These are assembled into calculated units of 150 lines each, called cantos. The whole Divine Comedy has one hundred cantos, comprising of one early on canto and three head divisions(Vossler, 664) or canticles of thirty-three cantos each. In the spring of 1265 Dante was destined to an unobtrusive honorable Florentine family called Alighieri. Despite the fact that they were nobles, the family had lost its wealth and high social height through the ages. His mom passed on when he was youthful and his dad isn't regularly referenced. He got cautious training, albeit little of it is known accurately. His family's humble social standing didn't keep him from seeking after his investigations. Dante most likely considered talk with the researcher Brunetto Latini, from whom he says that he realized how a man becomes eternal(Inferno XV line 85). As a youngster, Dante generally showed himself how to compose stanza, yet he additionally concentrated with the incredible troubadours of Florence, keeping in touch with them and coursing his own adoration verses. In 1295 he started a functioning ... ... lines 52-53). The most misleading wrongdoing Dante blames Boniface for comes out of the mouth of another cursed soul. Legitimately saying the pope had trespassed was not a savvy activity, one could be known as a blasphemer and be slaughtered. This poor soul, Guido, was a warrior whose obligation was to militarily exhort Boniface when he broke into war with the Colonna family in 1297. Guido was sick towards Boniface, saying, Yet for the High Priest - may he decay in Hell!(Inferno XXVII line 70). He says about Boniface that he, the Prince of present day Pharisees,/Having a war to wage by Lateran -/Not against Jews, nor Muslim adversaries,/Every enemy he had was a Christian,(Inferno XXVII lines 85-88). Guido accuses the pope of taking up arms not against Jews or Muslims, however different Christians. Inferno was an indication of the dissatisfaction and agony Dante probably felt from the political and strict occasions of his day that banished him from the city he so adored. In spite of the fact that Dante's excursion took him through the profundities of damnation and communicated Christian convictions about the great beyond, his musings were common as he denounced one strict pioneer after another to the profundities of the hellfire they had made for him.

Ethnics Of Orang Asli Theology Religion Essay

Ethnics Of Orang Asli Theology Religion Essay Lanoh is one of the ethnics of Orang Asli unique individuals from Malaysia. Already, Lanoh used to be travelers however now a considerable lot of them stay for all time in Hulu Perak,a area of Perak. Lanoh individuals are authoritatively characterized under the Negrito subgroup however in term of the language they utilize the Temiar language. Most Lanoh are darker looking and have crimped hair. Their highlights take after the Papua New Guinean or east African individuals. Area Lanoh just as other Semang individuals stayed in swamp territories, Near Malays settlement. They want to live approach waterway valleys, which is the most foot-slopes, The low populace thickness of Lanoh individuals in pre-resettlement time has made them spread between a couple of guideline towns and campgrounds (fundamentally in Perak territory. Among their towns are Air Bah, Tawai, and Cenawi town. Last time, the Lanoh towns and camp[s were little, with a populace once in a while surpassing thirty or thirty-five individuals. Last time, they were likewise had a portable way of life however it finished after Malaysias freedom (1957). On 1993, Air Bahs status as resettlement town was settled when a two-story mosque was raised to house Muslim evangelists during their discontinuous to the town. Inside the arrangement of Malay country express, the Lanoh lifestyle , like that of Orang Asli , had experienced striking changes , numerous because of land misfortune, logging, deforestation, new types of resource and business exercises. Since 1980s , the Lanoh individuals were pulled together and for all time resettled ,fundamentally in the town of Air Bah. They have been attempting to accommodate these progressions with their social qualities and standard of life. Their home has Temiar-style structure which is more steady than their Lanoh-style shelter covers . They like to remain in those houses contrasted with the enormous government-provided board houses. The size of the houses doesn't really reflect people groups status or ethnic association. In term of way of life, individuals in Air Bah want to invest energy with whom they feel close , not really their marital relatives. Convictions . Most Lanoh individuals practice ethnic religion (66%), 33% of them are Muslims and 1% of them are Christians http://www.joshuaproject.net/individuals profile.php?peo3=12987rog3=MY .They have a conviction of naturalism: Plants and creatures stimulate the own profoundly offering to people a lowering encounter of subjugation and love for nature. They likewise practice an unwritten law that the entirety of the creatures trapped in the woods ought to endure no agony in imprisonment. As indicated by individuals in Air Bah, a shaman is an individual who can show the youngsters stories and beneficial things about Lanoh. Already, Lanoh shamans additionally accepted to groups priceless powers, for example, they could converse with elephants, the watchman father of the Lanoh, and as guide individuals in profound streets. Marriage and family For Lanoh individuals, they dont confine marriage between ethnics or subgroups and they are increasingly direct. They get the chance to pick their own accomplice and their folks won't meddle in their relationship. In the event that a couple are living respectively, they are think about wedded. There is no wedding festivity, however the lady of the hour will simply need to give a few presents to the husband and his parents in law. Just youthful couples get separate and as a rule, the Lanoh individuals don't get separate in the event that they as of now have a youngster. They conviction that after work, a lady can't contact the ground for about fourteen days and salt can't be included into their nourishment for a few months after work. They additionally can't devour sleek food. Passing At the point when somebody kicked the bucket, the head of the town and closest relatives will be told about the news. After the dead body is cleaned, for ladies, they will put on their gems, for example, ring, neckband and arm bands. At that point the dead body will be enclosed by a clean new material and afterward enveloped by a tangle. A similar system applies to a keeps an eye on body aside from they are wrapped without gems. At the graveyard, a 2 meters gap will be digged and the dead body will be covered with their possessions. At that point two sticks will be put on their grave to speak to where is the head and where is the legs. At the head part, family members will light a fire with the goal that wild creatures wont draw close to the grave. In the event that the spouse kicked the bucket, the wife can't wears compensate for 7 days. KENSUI TRIBE At the edge of the Baling region territory, there is an indigenous settlement known as the Perkampungan Orang Asli Lubok Legong. It is situated at the Mukim Siong, 13 km from Pekan Baling and 188 km from Bandaraya Alor Setar. This settlement is own by the indigenous individuals of the Kensiu clan. In light of the Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli (2003) data, this settlement is the just a single accessible for the indigenous individuals of the Kensui clan, this is the sole Negrito exist in Kedah and for the most part the peninsular of Malaysia. Because of their similarity to the Negro in Africa, they are named the Negrito. History In light of the exploration done by Dr. Iskandar Carey (1970), from his visit to the Perkampungan Orang Asli in Kampung Lalang around 1968 and 1969, the Kensui clan has their own settlement. Despite the fact that the early history had expressed that they lived in standard. This clan was said to have the most modest number of individuals contrasted with the other orang asli clans in Malaysia. There were additionally supposed to be the most seasoned tribe.Basically the Kensui clan was said to have family relations at Kampung Rai, Yala, Thailand.While dependent on the realities, the Kensui individuals orinigated from Kuala Kedau and Ulu Legong. During the Japanese attack to Tanah Melayu somewhere in the range of 1941 and 1942, the Kensui clan had gotten away from all around the Baling area generally to the Parit Panjang, Kampung Bendang Man di Sik, Kampung Sg. Celak and Kampung Tiak di Kupang, Baling. These days, settlements have been work by the administration which is the Perkampungan Orang Asli Kampung Lubuk Legong. The Kensui clan has been residencing there since 1957 at the No 3623 part which was offered in the year 1958 as the Rezab Orang Asli with a region of 428 sections of land. As per M.W. Tweedie, a student of history had expressed in his book Pre-History, the individuals who live in the peninsular which are known as the Negrito had existed since 8000 BC living in caverns and chasing creatures. During the Paleolithic and Mesolithic time frame around 5000 BC, Kedah was utilized to be possessed by the Austronesia which turned into the progenitors of the Negrito, Sakai and different clans. Its difficult to portray the physical attributes of the Negrito because of their division into 4 subgroups of the Kensui clan known as Mos, Nakil (atau Dalem), Hetot and Tanjen. By and large they have fine-little wavy hairs, dull in shading skin and normal stature of 5 feet beneath, they have wide iris like the West African and a large portion of them are like the New Guinea indigenous, Papuans. The character of the Kensui clan can exclusively be depicted by their way of life, material and their way of life. They demonstrate little to none horticultural practice. This might be because of their cause as one of the completely traveling indigenous individuals. Their way of life incorporates the act of nose puncturing and habitation work for impermanent safe house from the climate and wind. The Kensui clan moves starting with one spot then onto the next for chasing and searching food just as timberland materials. They would move to somewhere else on the off chance that they found that the region is not, at this point beneficial. Work plans For the grown-ups of the Kensui clan, elastic tapping is one of their day by day schedule. The Projek Getah Mini Estet Fasa 1 dan 2 led through RISDA was a triumph for them. The general public picked up enthusiasm of RM200.00 every month for every family. In any case, there are still among them that can't play out the work. Other than that, The Kensui clan are still work on searching backwoods material to be offered to the outside society and for their own use. They additionally have abilities creating different handcrafts structure the timberland materials. A portion of the individuals likewise fill in as work in ranches. The general public of the indigenous individuals from the Kampung Lubuk Legong are under the oversight of the pentadbiran Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli (JHEOA) Perak dan Kedah working in Ipoh, Perak. While at locale level, it is under the pentadbiran Pejabat Hal Ehwal Orang Asli Daerah Hulu Perak dan Baling working in Grik, Perak. In each town, a pioneer was named as the penghulu among themselves to hold the obligation of administering the town and a Jawatankuasa Kemajuan Kampung (JKKK) was built up to support the administration. Until further notice, the title penghulu is hold by Encik Rosman Bin Isa. He is the fourth delegated penghulu. Instruction level The instruction levels among the Kensui clan are very low contrasted with the different indigenous clans. The quantities of instructed individuals are pretty much nothing. As per the penghulu of the clan, the year 2005 has been a history to them for one of them had effectively moved on from a structure 1 level instruction which was the most significant level of training as of not long ago. Marriage customs and family foundations The existence idea which organized balance and comparability reflects from the entire way of life of the general public. The greater part of the Kensui social orders in the settlement have a nearby connection with one another. There are just two individuals that had hitched a Malay lady from the Kampung Baru and one had hitched an Indonesian. The individuals who are Islam in the Kensui clan gets hitched dependent on the syariat and the law of the Islamic family. Their relationships were directed by the religion official from the Jabatan Agama Islam Negeri Kedah. While for the individuals who are rehearsing animism, their relationships depend on their accepts. There are no functions held for the marriage. At the point when a man arrives at a period old enough where he might want to be hitched, he simply need to get the endorsement of the ladies he needs to wed without requiring the gift of both of her folks. In the event that the lady concurs, the man would send her materials as fabric, blade and tobacco to the womans father as a sig

Common Money Questions (and Expert Answers!)

Common Money Questions (and Expert Answers!) Common Money Questions (and Expert Answers!) Common Money Questions (and Expert Answers!)For many people, trying to understand the ins and outs of their finances can feel like taking a test that they forgot to study for. The thought of even trying to balance a checkbook can cause shivers.Luckily, personal finance is not a test. There’s no teacher hovering at your shoulder, no clock ticking off the seconds till “pencils down”, and there is nothing stopping you from asking for the right answer. You just need to make sure you’re asking the right person.And who better to ask then real personal finance professionals? Personal finance might not be a test, but it can still help to have a “cheat sheet.”1. Howard Dvorkin, CPA, @HowardDvorkin Chairman of Debt.com @debtcomHands down, the question I’m asked most often is, “Are those credit counseling agencies a scam?”Americans these days are rightly skeptical of offers that sound too good to be true, and many have been burned by them. But credit counseling agencies are n onprofits, they’re regulated, and they’ve been around for decades. The reputable ones charge nothing for a debt analysis by a certified credit counselor, and they work directly with the credit card companies to reduce your interest rates by up to 30 or even 50 percent â€" and they can stop all late fees. Look for one that’s been around at least 20 years and has an A-plus rating from the Better Business Bureau, and you’ll quickly learn it’s a legitimate way to climb out of debt.2. Abby Eisenkraft, EA, ATA, ATP, CRPC â€" Choice Tax Solutions Inc., @AbbyChoiceTaxMany clients are confused about self-employment. They mistakenly believe that if they did not receive a Form 1099-Misc from a customer, that the income received is not reported. There is no such thing as off the books or under the table when it comes to the IRS.  Taxpayers are required to report their worldwide income, regardless of whether or not it is taxable (some cases have allowable exclusions, etc., but it does not escape reporting).The result is under-reporting on your tax return, and there are many ways to get caught. Clients are always shocked when the IRS or State catches it. They try to blame the vendor for not sending the form, but the IRS states that regardless of whether or not it was received, all income must be declared.3. Daniel Vaturi, @BronxMortgage, Mortgage Loan Originator FM Home Loans @FMHomeLoansThe most common, but flawed, question I receive from borrowers on a weekly basis is “what is the highest mortgage that you can get me approved for?”The question really should be, “what is the most that I can afford?” Unfortunately, too often, borrowers over extend on the mortgage because they can get approved for it, without fully looking at the whole picture and expense of a home. The greatest example is utilities such as electric, gas, water, and heat. Borrowers coming into a house from an apartment more often than not, do not take into account the increase in utility bills as it is often an overlooked expense. By not properly taking this into account, a borrower can find themselves with an unrealistic monthly obligation. While these things are not taken into account for the purpose of the debt to income ratios used to determine maximum eligibility, it is imperative the take these factors into account when buying a home to make sure a borrower can actually afford what they are getting into rather than simply being able to be approved for what they are getting into.4. Linda M. Conti, Geoffrey M. Tomes and Bruce Wayne Gaylord Conti Wealth Management Group at Noyes @danoyes19081. Should I look to pay off my mortgage or invest?We get this type of question often, with clients asking if they should pay extra on their mortgage each month, pay it off entirely, or buy another house outright. Our answer to this question has changed in light of interest rates moving further downward. If low rates are locked in for a substantial matter of time, it can be ve ry advantageous to invest rather than pay off the debt faster. It is prudent to measure the pros and cons of a 15-year mortgage versus a 30-year mortgage. Take that a step further and investigate what kind of returns you can expect based on your age and risk tolerance, and you’ll have enough information at your fingertips to make an informed decision. A financial planner can help work through these scenarios with you.We also discuss the fact that debt can be very personal to some people, so if it makes you feel better to pay it off completely or much earlier, do that. We always want their money to work for them, whatever that entails.2. I’m not rich, so why do I need to worry about Estate Planning?Estate Planning is not just for the wealthy. Estate Planning involves making sure all your end-of-life matters have been addressed. Items to consider are making sure your will is up-to-date and accessible, that your IRA/401(k) beneficiaries are current (you likely don’t want your ex- spouse as your primary beneficiary anymore!). Consider a Healthcare Power-of-Attorney should you become completely incapacitated. People often overlook the fact that the person they elect to take care of their children doesn’t have to be the same person that handles the finances upon their death. People in your life have different skills, so be sure to think about that when making sure your affairs are wrapped up.3.Here’s an important thing to consider before retirement:People often have a general idea about where their spending is going, but once they retire, making more money doesn’t happen as freely as before, so consider “living your budget”, from six months to a year before you retire. Overspending won’t necessarily derail the initial years in retirement, but it can have a catastrophic effect in those later years when you get into your late 80s and 90s, as you could be in a situation where your assets have diminished and you can no longer work to increase them.  â€ œLiving your budget” before retirement can help prepare someone before the “fixed-income lifestyle” becomes the norm.4. Is it too late for me to start saving for retirement?It’s never too late to start planning for your future. Work with a financial planner. They can help you establish a program to begin investing in an efficient manner and can help prepare you for retirement. Perhaps you’re in better shape than you thought, or perhaps it means retirement may have to wait a few more years. In either case, it’s better to know than lay awake at night worrying about it.If you want to learn more about the dos and don’ts of personal finance, you can follow all these great professionals on Twitter. You can also check out all the great posts, how-tos and interviews on the OppLoans blog!Remember, personal finance is not a test â€" if you don’t know the answer, it’s okay to ask!Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIN

Classical Music And Its Influence On The Modern World

There are many types of music in the world, with many different artists, backgrounds, and stories to tell. Every genre holds within itself a message, and this message shows a glimpse of the past as well as the possibilities of the future. People everywhere love music for these reasons and more, and I love one style of music in particular: a style that brings me comfort, makes me question the world, and gives me insight as to who I am. Classical music describes a genre that, for me, means more than just notes on the page or in the air; the music speaks to a deep and wonder-seeking part of me that cannot quite be described using words. The true evolution of primitive music began around 1750 during the Classical Era in Europe, with the pioneering works of Mozart and Haydn, as well as many others. Deriving from these great composers, the genre further evolved during the Romantic and Modern Eras by encompassing a deeply emotional and expressive side unlike anything heard before. Indeed, t hese periods of music entail a vast and rich history of pieces written to please royalty, soft and haunting works of lost love, and vast orchestral suites that try to capture the majesty of the natural world. Such vast detail and eloquent composition allows the listener of classical music to immediately be transported to another time, another world, and especially another mindset. Other genres of music may contain hints of these same elements, but none can fully compare to the true qualitiesShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics Of Classical Music1277 Words   |  6 PagesA very big misconception with classical music is that it is one big group. There are four main musical periods of classical music. They are the baroque, classical, romantic, and the modern eras. The first major era of classical music is the baroque era. It started around 1600 and ended around 1750. The baroque time period was very important as it was a foundation for classical music to grow and develop. Many musical form s were made and developed as well. Some examples are the sonata, concerto, andRead MoreClassical and Rap Music1364 Words   |  6 PagesEssay: Classical and Rap Music Kristin Conway COM/155 - UNIVERSITY COMPOSITION AND COMMUNICATION I March 15, 2014 Instructor: Kathleen Case In contrary to common thought, classical and rap music have as many similarities as they do differences. The sound may be completely different, but there is a way to show emotion that will affect the listeners. For example, they both have ways to bring emotion and feeling into both performance and their audience’s effectiveness. Classical has anRead More The Influence of The Impressionist Era Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesThe Influence of The Impressionist Era Impressionism, one of the later eras in classical music composition. An era where emotions are expressed vividly while still following musical structure, where music caused much political controversy, and where France became known for its musical talent. In this essay you will read of how impressionism set a lasting mark in musical and national histories, and how it influenced modern music as we know it. The Impressionist Era all started with ClaudeRead MoreBritain s Musical Influences Around The World1193 Words   |  5 PagesStephen Thomas Mrs. Rodriguez British Literature 2 March 2016 Britain’s Musical Influences Around the World Britain’s social and global development through shifts in the monarchy and many wars can be paralleled with its development of music as well. The influence of both classical, Baroque, and modern music, the Beatles, is seen around the world as many great shifts in the music world began in Great Britain. Read MoreWhy Study Pop Music Essay1354 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Study Pop Music â€Å"Pop culture used to be all the stuff you had to wait for after school to enjoy. But these days, pop culture is just as likely to be the stuff you study in school† . In 1986 Michael Hannan establish a contemporary Popular Music program at Southern Cross University a trained classical pianist and musicologist he had previously worked in rock bands and for AC/DC’s publisher. Hannan recounts how in 2000 â€Å"at least 8 of the 37 universities in Australia are now offering degreesRead MoreThe Romantic And Classic Ages Of European Music1015 Words   |  5 PagesMusic is widely considered to be the least rational of the arts, and thus the one least openly associated with fundamentals of the outside world; all the same, musicians of considerable significance have been both consciously and subconsciously molded by the environment in which they reside and as such they may interpret and bring the world to life in the language of music. The Romantic and Classic ages of European music can be simply put as the period of time between the deaths of Ludwig Van BeethovenRead MoreIslams Influences on the Modern World1422 Words   |  6 Pages The modern world is a mixing pot of different cultures and influences intertwining and overlapping. The impact of one culture on another can be seen clearly in contemporary Europe, which lays adjacent to Asia. Over time, European culture has evolved and assimilated with the incorporation of surrounding influences. Western civilisation has taken inspiration in the innovations and discoveries of great eastern empires such as the Greek, Roman and Byzantine. Arguably one of the most influential andRead MoreThe Van Beethoven s Musical Style And Innovations1263 Words   |  6 PagesLuwig Van Beethoven Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany and spent his musical career in Vienna. Beethoven is â€Å"widely considered to be one of the pre-eminent classical music figures of the Western world† (Beethoven 5). Beethoven was taught music by his father, but by the age of nine he had already outstripped his father’s musical knowledge and was taken under the wing of Gottlob Neefe. Neefe â€Å"schooled Beethoven in both piano playing and basic composition, introducing him to the works ofRead MoreThe Origins Of The Percussion Family1310 Words   |  6 Pagesaddition, the Ottoman Expansionism throughout the 1600’s gave the Western world a large amount of exposure to the Turkish military band music and instruments. Many of the militarily effective instruments were carried into Western armies, such as the Cavalry Kettledrums, or Timpani. Figure 1: Mounted Trumpeters and a Kettledrummer (Persian, 1237 CE) Timpani were the first majorly used percussion instrument in Western music. It evolved from of the Medieval instrument the Nakers, which were smallerRead MoreEssay on Renaisssance versus Baroque Periods967 Words   |  4 Pagesperiod. Differences in style accumulated along with views of art and music. Baroque era covers the period between 1600 and 1750 beginning with Monte Verdi (birth of opera) and ended with deaths of Bach and Handel. The term baroque music is borrowed from the art history. It follows the Renaissance era (1400-1600). It was initially considered to be a corrupt way of Renaissance by conservatives. The dominant trends in Baroque music correspond to those in Baroque art and literature. Some features of

Capitalism for The Better, Socialism for The Worse...

Capitalism for The Better, Socialism for The Worse Failing or profitable government? There are various types of economies in the the world, of the various types they can be narrowed down to the two most common which are capitalist and socialist economies. Capitalism is â€Å"a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government† (Merriam Webster). Socialism is â€Å"a way of organizing a society in which major industries are owned and controlled by the government rather than by individual people and companies† (Merriam Webster). Every economic systems has pros and cons. Type of organization, individual or public benefit, and societal†¦show more content†¦In the state lead economy, the government owns the means of production, but the organization is ran by capitalists methods. Capitalism promotes competition in the economy which has positive outcomes. Competition generates higher quality products a nd more effective techniques in businesses. Competition is the only reason the government plays a role in capitalism, and that role is protection from fraud and force. â€Å"The only purpose of government would be to protect its citizens from force or fraud† (Reisman, George). Socialism is considered the weak; less effective form of economy. â€Å"By failing to emphasize incentives, socialism is a theory inconsistent with human nature and is therefore doomed to fail† (Mark Perry, 1995). It is the type of organization that involves the government owning and controlling the major industries and prosperous companies in the country. The fact that socialism disregards private property rights in establishing incentives for economic development and growth is another reason why socialism fails. Socialism robs citizens of their human rights to private property, but it does grant the right to an education, to work, and free health care and transportation. Unlike capitalism that is based on supply and demand, in a socialist economy, the government regulates the quantity of products produced and distributed. The government alsoShow MoreRelatedBusiness Ethics6288 Words   |  26 PagesBakan wrote the book, The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit an d Power, during the filming of the documentary. The documentary shows the development of the contemporary business corporation, from a legal entity that originated as a government-chartered institution meant to effect specific public functions, to the rise of the modern commercial institution entitled to most of the legal rights of a person. One theme is its assessment as a personality, as a result of an 1886 case in theRead MoreThe Rise of China and Future of the West17670 Words   |  71 PagesEast. Realists go on to note that as China gets more powerful and the United States position erodes, two things are likely to happen: China will try to use its growing influence to reshape the rules and institutions of the international system to better serve its interests, and other states in the system -- especially the declining hegemon -- will start to see China as a growing security threat. The result of these developments, they predict, will be tension, distrust, and conflict, the typical featuresRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamen tal Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pagesinstitutions more broadly, are endogenous; they are, at least in part, determined by society, or a segment of it. Consequently, the question of why some societies are much poorer than others is closely related to the question of why some societies have much â€Å"worse economic institutions† than others. Even though many scholars including John Locke, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, Douglass North and Robert Thomas have emphasized the importance of economic institutions, we are far from a useful framework for thinkingRead MoreInside the Meltdown49737 Words   |  199 Pagesdepositors never take losses. But there s a process in place for doing this. We have a receivership and resolution staff that are expert in how to close institutions, how to do that in an orderly way so people don t get scared or upset, and it s always better to try to sell it off to another institution to keep it running, as opposed to putting it into some type of a bridge bank [temporary] situation, which is what we had to do with Freddie Mac, or we re selling it off in pieces. We try to avoid thatRead MoreCase Studies: Sas Airline Ryanair80169 Words   |  321 PagesLFV’S MARKETING DIRECTOR .......................................................... 138 APPENDIX 3 - INTERVIEW WITH MATS VALINGER, VICE PRESIDENT CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SAS GROUP .. 151 APPENDIX 4 - INTERVIEW WITH KJELL WILSBERG, DIRECTOR GOVERNMENT RELATIONS OF SAS BRAATHENS............. 153 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1 Introduction n chapter one, we will present the background of the study. We start by introducing the airline industry, and then we continue by giving our research problem

Peace Journalism Is Incompatible with Achieving the Journalistic Ideal of Objectivity Free Essays

In the media world we observe that the framing of narratives in conflicts plays a crucial role in politics and in lives of regular people. There is a certain manipulation on the presentation of war and peace in the media. Main question is what media ought to do and what they can do. We will write a custom essay sample on Peace Journalism Is Incompatible with Achieving the Journalistic Ideal of Objectivity or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the alternatives is Peace Journalism. This paper will analyse it in the light of the journalistic ideal of objectivity. George Orwell wrote that â€Å"history is written by the winners†, and that there is no universally accepted answer just because it is true – in each case there is a great number of incompatible answers and they struggle to be adopted (Orwell, 1944). This statement can be understood that there is no objective truth. Maybe especially when it comes to conflicts there is no objectivity. None the less, this essay will look at the objectivity as a possible practice, mentioning some scholars that oppose this view. On one hand arguments showing that Peace Journalism is objective will be shown, and on the other hand arguments opposing this statement will be presented. As the propaganda model is essential for understanding objectivity in the journalistic practice, one section will be devoted to short analysis of Herman and Chomsky’s theory. But first definition of Peace and War Journalism will be introduced, and a notion of objectivity examined. Peace journalism vs. War Journalism Peace Journalists claim that conflicts can be exacerbated or ameliorated with the use of media. Lynch and McGoldrick argue that a typical practice of contemporary journalists is War Journalism. According to them such way of reporting exacerbates conflicts, for that reason, they propose a revolutionary alternative to War Journalism. In order to stop violence journalists need to make innovations in the way they report conflicts. One can ask if such approach is objective, but they believe that their approach is an answer to how to be a humane observer-participant in un-humane context (McGoldrick Lynch, 2000). War Journalism is a practice of most journalists who focus on two sides of conflict. Usually in such reporting one side wins and the other loses, there is no space for complex relations with many parties involved. War Journalists are occupied with violence. They choose one side of the conflict to be a victim and the other to be a villain (dualism). What is more, the reports are based on official sources, and that makes them highly biased – their alternative is on the other hand not dependent on official sources, hence, it is objective. Media according to some scholars are relying on both political and economic elites (see the Propaganda Model), however, also social and cultural factors contribute to the way conflicts are reported. Especially to the domination of war journalism have those factors contributed a lot. Universal practice is, however, non-critical reporting of official versions of events. In the eyes of public media generally seem to be more reliable than politicians. For this reason, they are often used by elites to broadcast the official messages, which are not necessarily objective. According to the critics of War Journalism, media’s reporting is more about military leaders than the people involved in conflict. This is the main point made by Annabel McGoldrick and Jake Lynch, who argue that non-critical reporting of official sources is often rewarded by military sources. Peace Journalism on the other hand analyses conflict including balance, impartiality and truth in reporting. Again, it is therefore more objective than War Journalism. War Journalism is the dominant discourse and it tries to be an objective form of reporting conflicts. It focuses on violent responses to conflict and undervalues non-violent ones. McGoldrick and Lynch recognise three conventions within War Journalism. Two of them have already been mentioned earlier. Those thre conventions are: a bias in favour of official sources, a bias in favour of event over process and a bias in favour of â€Å"dualism† in reporting conflicts. Because of objectivity in War Journalism, we hear little about change agents and peace-building initiatives, at least compared with official sources who take most part of conflict coverage. How we understand conflicts is depending on choices made in newsroom. In War Journalism it is safer to stick to events and report what has taken place. That is why most common practice is to report on events and not on processes. Dualism may seem to appear to the public as common sense, it is a key part of objectivity, however, it is a key element of War Journalism as well, and therefore, Peace Journalists oppose it. Hearing both sides is in fact bad practice and can be a proof of lack of journalistic skills. In this short introduction, it is visible that at the first sight War Journalism is raditionally said to be more objective than Peace Journalism, however, Peace Journalists claim that their practice is more objective. Their new way of reporting has an important influence on the audience and their understanding of conflicts. Peace Journalists’ approach to the coverage of conflict means showing compassion and understanding. It sets people’s sights on suffering, howev er, emphasizes peace initiatives at the same time. It is not glorifying one side while castigating the other; it shows falsehood on both sides. In this sense it is objective. War Journalism on the other hand, presents conflict as a battle between the good and the bad, where the result is either victory or defeat. Using non-violent perspective, explaining the background of the conflict, giving a voice to all parties should be a new practice according to the peace researchers. The link between media and military has undergone some changes, and it seems that journalists have only two choices. One is to report official statements and be part of military propaganda, for example embedded journalism, or the second choice is to become doubtful observer who struggles to explain the events that influence lives of nations. Objectivity Objectivity is â€Å"a cornerstone of the professional ideology of journalists in liberal democracies† (Lichtenberg, 1996). What is problematic with objectivity is that in fact it only gives a resemblance to the real course of events. It makes an audience passive; they are being served the news without a profound analysis or explanation. Giving just both sides of the story may be a sign that a journalist has not done a proper work with the case. When defining notion of objectivity in this way, Peace Journalism would not be compatible with achieving it. Defining objectivity is not an easy task, though. Understanding objectivity as neutrality is wrong as it is utopian ideal. For example, newspapers always need to take a standpoint when they decide what stories to feature in their editions, the same when broadcasters choose what stories to cover, whom they interview etc. Objectivity is not impartiality or fairness or balance. Objectivity is based on facts or evidence, not feelings or opinions. It requires evidence and verification more than attempt to being neutral (Sambrook, 2004). Hence, we may say that Peace Journalism can be objective. Fundamental question one needs to ask is, if there is any such thing as â€Å"truth†. Do facts in truth prove anything? Lichtenberg writes that â€Å"our most fundamental interest in objectivity is an interest in truth† (1996, p. 227). Journalists have their biases, hence, it seems that in fact ideal of objectivity is not possible to achieve. It is impossible to include all perspectives, as well as it is impossible to reject one’s bias (Bell, 1997; Lichtenberg, 1996). Journalists need to acknowledge their unfairness, so that they can fight it and realize what the accepted narratives are. However, if there is possible bias, it means that there should be unbias possible as well. To deny that objectivity is possible would mean that there is any way of getting at the truth (Lichtenberg, 1996). Propaganda model Problem with objectivity is that a notion of objectivity favours official statements and viewpoints of governments and powerful players, like corporations. Before further analysing of Peace Journalism in terms of objectivity, it is crucial to introduce the conceptual framework, which shows how media institutions work nowadays. Christiane Amanpour claims that media are getting too close to show business (1996). This claim finds confirmation in the theory of Herman and Chomsky. Herman and Chomsky’s Propaganda Model of the media consists of a system where the government and dominant players are able to broadcast their message to the public and control what is becoming a news. This is possible in an American media landscape, because of money and power, according to the two scholars. The factors of money and power filter the news – depending if the news is appropriate for the media they can get to the public; one that is opposing is left aside. In Herman and Chomsky’s model there is no space for possibility of objectivity, though. In Manufacturing Consent they mention â€Å"worthy† and â€Å"unworthy† victims. With â€Å"worthy victims† they mean casualties that are harmed in enemy state, there is much coverage of â€Å"worthy victims†, because their suffering is crucial for US case. Those that are abused, but not mentioned in media coverage are â€Å"unworthy victims†. Criterion of worthy/unworthy victims is one of the examples how media report conflicts. Media are subordinated to political as well as economic powers, according to the Propaganda Model. Herman and Chomsky’s theory assumes that there are five filters that make link between governing powers and media. First one is the nature of media ownership, second, advertising and its influence on media, third is the fact that media rely on the governmental, business and involved partial sources (for example, so called â€Å"experts†), fourth factor is what they call fear of flak – a constant pressure from media institutions that you as a broadcaster may be criticised, and last factor is national religion or anti-communism, later re-phrased into ideological convergence – war on terror (Herman Chomsky, 1988). This theory is confirmed by many practitioners. Martin Bell claims that screens are the filters. The programme editors seem to know how it is being a war correspondent, and they think that they have been there (Bell, 1997). Conflict coverage is shaped according to their view or perception of reality. It is therefore not objective. Peace Journalism vs. Objectivity Peace Journalism in a way can be called journalism of attachment; it disregards objectivity to some extent. In journalism of attachment media are embedded in international affairs. They play a part in reproducing inequalities between nations. But maybe journalism does not have to be objective? The statement that the news holds a mirror up to nature is untrue, because mirror does not affect the image, it does not change what it reflects, while television image does (Bell, 1997). This means that the media are powerful and have a direct effect, this effect can be called CNN effect, BBC effect or Al-Jazeera effect. Irrespectively of name, this effect assumes that new types of broadcasting are capable of changing policies. News is not only global/international, but also immediate or live, and most importantly continuous. US ambassador for UN said that CNN should become the 16th member of the UN Security Council (Amanpour, 1996). Seeing the sea of blood on the front pages and in TV news reports increases the pressure on political elites to do something about the conflict, as seen in case of for example Bosnia or Rwanda. Amanpour compares the role and influence of media on the society to a brain surgery – it is about feeding the brains. However, such statement does not take into account that media are controlled by professional values and organizational instructions that do not give journalists so much freedom to influence the masses to full extent. Interestingly, it is mostly politicians that claim that CNN effect has a huge influence of policy-making. They believe there is a strong CNN effect, therefore, they act as if it did. Journalists on the other hand have mixed opinions. The issue of objectivity is complex. According to Sambrook objective approach is facts, evidence, verification, independence and transparency (2004), hence, peace journalism is incompatible with achieving objectivity, because it is people-oriented, truth-oriented and solution-oriented, it may be therefore selective in the coverage. War Journalism is biased in that way that it favours violence, Peace Journalism on the other hand avoids bias, because it does not give so much importance to violence or violent parties in conflicts. Then, to some extent it is possible to say that Peace Journalism is compatible with achieving the journalistic ideal of objectivity. As of appealing to its audience, Peace Journalism promotes peace and social justice, elements that are values in the modern society. Interesting change in the reporting that has happened last decades is the fact that the cycle of news is 24 hour long, and the speed is crucial when it comes to breaking stories. Because of that it is impossible to devote time to report events objectively. Would that mean that no journalism can be in fact objective? In general Peace Journalism is more objective than War Journalism. It focuses on positive developments in peace-making and peace-building initiatives. It includes both elites and non-elites. Peace Journalism is objective, because it is focused on exposing untruths on all sides. Amanpour says that objectivity in war is important. The practice should give all sides a fair hearing, but it does not mean that journalists should treat all sides equally. Objectivity must go together with morality. Conclusions George Orwell in his essay â€Å"Historical truth† from 1944 makes an interesting point that Encyclopaedia Britannica could collect information on the campaigns during The First World War also from German sources, because data like casualty figures was neutral and unbiased. At the time when the essay was published Orwell claims that, such practice would not be possible, because Nazi and non-Nazi versions of World War II were so different from one another (Orwell, 1944). However, how Orwell puts it â€Å"[t]here is some hope (†¦) that the liberal habit of mind, which thinks of truth as something outside yourself, something to be discovered, and not as something you can make up as you go along, will survive†. Martin Bell in TV news: How far should we go? wished to be called a Peace Correspondent, however, according to the reporter unfortunately there is no such thing, like Peace Correspondent. Bell writes that sometimes it seemed to him that as a humankind we learned nothing and forgotten everything (Bell, 1997). He claims that although there is a new element – television – we are not learning much from conflicts and still are revisiting history. Yet, the way of reporting wars has changed. First of all, there are TV and satellite dishes, a technological factor. Second change is a shift of approach. Just like communication technology, people’s attitudes also have changed. Before it was objective and necessary for journalists to stay distanced and detached, nowadays the practice common in media is what Bell calls bystanders’ journalism. It is concerned with circumstances of conflict more than with people. But for Bell objectivity is a slogan, an illusion impossible to achieve. He says: â€Å"[w]hen I report from the war zones, or anywhere else, I do so with all the fairness and impartiality I can muster, and a scrupulous attention to the facts, but using my eyes and ears and mind and accumulated experience, which are surely the very essence of the subjective. † Journalism of attachments is a journalism that cares and knows, as Bell puts it. It assumes that journalists are part of the world, so they can be involved in the events they report. The journalist being a neutral observer and witness is a myth (Bell, 1997). Does it mean that Peace Journalists are not objective then? Even screens are the filters. The programme editors seem to know how it was being war correspondent, and they think that they have been there. It is a time to be passionate and a time to be dispassionate. It is simply a matter of common sense (Bell, 1997). Then, it can be said that Peace Journalism does not necessarily mean subjective reporting. Peace Journalists are not selective in their reporting, so although it is questionable if it can be called objectivity, Peace Journalism to high extent is compatible with achieving the journalistic ideal of objectivity. How to cite Peace Journalism Is Incompatible with Achieving the Journalistic Ideal of Objectivity, Papers

Strategic Management Essays (2473 words) - Strategic Management

Strategic Management ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONStrategic Management Choose your company or any MNC company that you are familiar with and: 1)Explain the nature of the firm business 2)Undertake a SWOT analysis of the firms business to identify areas of strategic importance and the corresponding strategic drivers/ Critical Factors (CF) the firms has to focus on to provide the company a competitive advantage. Table of Contents AcknowledgementPage 2 Background of Malaysia Airlines SystemPage 3 - 4 Business StrategyPage 5 - 6 SWOT AnalysisPage 7 - 12 ?Competitive Analysis ?Value Chain Analysis ?Core Competencies Critical Success FactorsPage 13 - 15 ConclusionPage 16 ReferencesPage 17 - Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Ravinthiran, our tutor for Strategic Management module. He is a jovial and a very knowledgeable person as he shared his experiences in the business and organizations. He had also given us ample information on the subject matter and enhanced my interest in Strategic Management. I would also like to thank my friends and family who had given me support and guidance throughout the completion of this assignment. Thank you. Background of MAS The glory days of the tourism world has opened a new path for the local transportation system to bloom especially the air transportation. In the year 1937, Malayan Airway Limited (MAL) was established. As years passed, on 13th September 1972, MAS Airlines was officially launched by Tun Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman in Kuala Lumpur International Airport. As a flag carrying national airlines, three colors form the flag are chosen which are red, white and blue. The majoring color is red because it reflects the vibrancy and excitement that is the essence of Malaysia. The MAS symbol is the Kelantan kite called the ?Wau Bulan'. Indigenous to Malaysia, the Kelantan kites dates back to many centuries and its represents a fire expression of the mythologies that enriched the nation's tradition. Furthermore, it represents controlled flight in an exclusive Malaysian manner, giving feeling of movement and modernity. On October 15, 1987, MAS launched its new corporate image with a restyled logo and emphasis on the country's name. The new red and blue logo (previously all red), while retaining the essence of the Kelantan kite, was given a more swept back look to project "movement and dynamism." The company was also to be identified as "Malaysia Airlines" in all its communications although its registered name, Malaysian Airline System, was not changed. MAS Airlines vision is to be an airlines uniquely renowned for its personal touch, warmth and efficiency. As for the mission, the airlines system strives to provide air travel transport services that ranks among the best in terms of safety, comfort and punctuality. The MAS Airlines motto is ?Go Beyond Expectation?. The sole objective of the company was to provide the people of Malaysia with an efficient and profitable air transport system which would enhance the standing of the country. As the national flag carrier of Malaysia, MAS Airlines had played an important role in contributing to the economic and social incorporation of the country. The company subsidized loss-making services in certain domestic routes which we redeemed essential for social and economic development. For example, some rural settlements in Sabah and Sarawak were only accessible by MAS Airlines rural air services. These services were operated from the year MAS Airlines started operations and fell within the account of non-economic but socially desirable services. Business Strategy INTERNALEXTERNAL Apply, sustainDiscover OvercomeAvert No one has ever developed a formula for "making strategy." Making strategy is a matter of generating ideas about how a business is going to compete. Then, those ideas are analyzed to determine which the best are. The SWOT analysis - Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats - is probably the most respected of all strategic analysis tools. Strengths and Weaknesses are, of course, factors reflecting the internal state of the business, while Opportunities and Threats reflect the external environment. Customers are usually considered somewhere among those Opportunities and Threats, but they aren't the highest priority in the SWOT model. Michael Porter's "Five Forces" for industry analysis, now nearly 25 years old, was an elegant and powerful tool for predicting the profitability of a business based on the relationship of competitors, substitutes, buyers, and sellers. The primary purpose of this model, however, was to identify where the power among these players