Articles of Confederation vs. Constitution 1 - 1415 Words

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION VS. CONSTITUTION There were many differences between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. At the end of the American Revolution the free states needed some sort of control that would generate to a unified country. Issues arose such as: How should power be divided between local and national governments? How should laws be made, and by whom? Who should be authorized to govern those laws? How could the government be designed to protect the unalienable individual rights? Their first attempt at solving this issue was the Articles of Confederation, which was a failure for the most part, but not completely. After the failure of the articles, the state delegates tried to revise the articles, but†¦show more content†¦In general, the poorer classes of society. Most of the Antifederalists thought that the Constitution required a bill of rights. State governments already had bills of rights but the antifederalists were afraid that they might be overridden by the Constitution. On the oppo sing side, there were the Federalists. Federalists were supporters of the Constitution that desired a strong central government. Federalists felt that the Articles of Confederation were weak and ineffective. They felt that National government would protect the rights of the people. While their inexperienced ideas at creating a new republican government were practiced, the articles proved to be very weak. George Washington called for a convention in late May 1787; in order speak about the nation’s political and economical problems and revise the Articles. Delegates from eleven out of the thirteen states attended this convention. They decided on a government consisting of three branches: legislative (Congress), executive (the President), and judicial (Supreme Court). These branches were under the checks-and-balances in order to maintain balance in powers and to prevent tyranny in the country. Delegates believed this separation of powers into three different branches would ensure that the United States would not become another monarchy. While constructing a new legislative branch, delegates from Virginia and NewShow MoreRelatedThe Articles of Confederation and The Constitution1238 Words   |  5 Pagesthe past, they laid forth an impressive jumble of ideas that would lead the way to where we are today. These two documents are the Article of Confederation and the U.S Constitution. These two documents of precedent are both similar and unique, each with its own pros and cons, and neither being perfect. Both these documents addressed the prominent vital in national vs. state sovereignty, legislative selection process, and executive authority. After winning its independence from England, the U.S,Read MoreThe first pair I will define and state the significance are separation of powers and federalism.700 Words   |  3 Pagesbranch has their separate power in their domain and act independently. Separation of powers was also created to help promote and liberty. Federalism is the dispersal of power between the federal government and each of the states. The United States Constitution allows jurisdiction to the federal government over national affairs and reserves powers to the states over domestic matters. Federalism is more of a balance of power which is divided. Federalism does also layer into each other. The federal governmentRead MoreThe United States Constitution And The Constitution Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesStates Constitution, this very detailed group of words was written in 1787, but it did not take effect until after it was ratified in 1789, when it replaced the Articles of Confederation. It remains the basic law of the United States then and till the present day of 2016. The first state to ratify the Constitution was Delaware; the last of the original thirteen to ratify was Rhode Island and since only nine were required, this was two years after it went into effect. When the U.S. Constitution was presentedRead MoreArticles Of Confederation Vs. The Constitution Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesJake Roseman AP GOV and Politics February 1 Articles of Confederation Vs. The Constitution There were plenty of differences between the Constitution and the Articles of Confederation. When the American Revolution ended the free states needed some sort of control that would create a unified country. There were problems such as how power between local and national governments would be divided, how laws should be made and by whom, who will govern the laws, and how will the government be createdRead MoreOutline Of The Declaration Of Independence1704 Words   |  7 PagesUnit II 1754-1800 1. Declaration of Independence 1776 †¢ The Declaration of independence was a document written by Thomas Jefferson that declared America’s independence from Britain. The document also stated the natural rights of the people: life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. 2. Treaty Alliance of 1778 †¢ The Treaty Alliance of 1778 was an alliance created between the United States and France during American Revolution. The alliance gave the United States a significant advantage as theyRead Morecompare and contrast the articles of confederation and the constitution essay1936 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract The simple difference between the Articles of Confederation and US Constitution is that the articles were not strong enough to hold our young nation together. The articles operated the US as separate states. Under the articles, it was very difficult to pass laws since the requirement of 9 out of the 13 states approval was needed for ratification. The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, leaving most of the power with the state governmentsRead MoreAnti Federalists Vs. Federalists1634 Words   |  7 Pages Anti Federalists vs. Federalists (Paper #1) The Federalists and the Anti - Federalists played an indispensable part in the establishment of the American Constitution. Federalists were supporters of the constitution, while Anti federalist were against the ratification of the Constitution. Federalists believed in the idea of a larger heterogeneous republic whereas anti federalists wanted a small homogenous republic. Famous federalists like James Madison, John Jay and Alexander Hamilton are responsibleRead MoreAp Government s Government Review Project1122 Words   |  5 PagesReview Project Aaron Cope Period 4 Table of Contents Slide 1 – Title Page Slides 3-68 Unit 1: The Constitution a: Slides 4-12 b: Slides 13-20 c: Slides 21-23 d: Slides 24-51 e: Slides 52-57 f: Slides 58-61 g: Slides 62-65 h: Slides 66-68 Slides 69-89 Unit 2: Political Beliefs and Behaviors a: Slides 70-71 b: Slides 72-76 c: Slides 77-80 d: Slides 81-82 e: Slides 83-84 f: Slides 85-87 g: Slides 88-89 UNIT I:The Constitution 1. Historic Events Major Parliament Actions Currency ActRead MoreThe Supreme Court And Chief Justice Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pages1. How did the Supreme Court and Chief Justice John Marshall establish the principle of â€Å"judicial review?† Explain the doctrine and its genesis and discuss two major Supreme Court cases since 2000 that have reinforced judicial authority over the States using this principle. In 1803, Marbury v. Madison established a concept known as â€Å"judicial review†. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall stated â€Å"the theory of every such government must be, that an act of the legislature, repugnant to the constitutionRead MoreGovernment Control And Procedural Guarantees871 Words   |  4 Pages1. Regulated capitalism is private ownership with some government control and procedural guarantees. While social democracy is mostly private ownership but extensive government control with substantive and procedural guarantees. An example of how the government regulates an aspect of our economy is the FDA. In a regulated capitalism the owner of a cupcake industry owns the factory but has regulations it must meet according to the FDA. Compared to a social democracy the state would own the factory

The Business Cycle Model A Diagram That Shows How...

The business cycle model is a diagram that shows how economic activity fluctuates over time. There are four phases of this activity known as boom, recession, upswing and downswing. Overtime, the theory is that economic activity will increase and that living standards, employment and the quality of life to rise. The boom or peak stage of the business cycle is when the level of economy is at its highest. It occurs after the upswing stage. The levels of expenditure, output income and employment are also at their highest. Inflation in prices also increase as there is more demand in goods and services. The government might use policies to try slow down or contract economic activity to stabilise inflation. India is a developing country that is believed to be falling into the boom period of the business cycle. At a GDP percent of 7.3% currently, India is believed to be one of the fastest growing countries. With China slowing, India is certainly carrying the day in terms of best growth rates, said Peter Boockvar, Lindsey Group s chief market analyst. On the other hand, China’s growth rate is starting to slow. China’s real GDP growth is currently sitting at 6.3%. With an aging population, and low fertility rates, it is believed China’s Economy will soon start to fall and go into a downswing. The Down and Upswing stages occur when an economy is rising and falling. The downswing stage includes fallings levels of expenditure, income, output, and employment. As the economic activityShow MoreRelatedThe Objectives Of Learning And Development3796 Words   |  16 Pages flexible and able to deliver the organisations results in challenging times. Within Standguide the organisation has created what is known as a competency framework which lays down the skills required for the job role, it is used for promotion, development reward and recognition. 1.2 explain the contexts in which learning and development takes place In order for learning and development to take place it must be able to show that it can meet the organisations goals. It must provide value for moneyRead MoreCarphone Warehouse7673 Words   |  31 PagesTable of Contents Executive Summary 3 Introduction 4 1. Company Overview 4 2. Marketing 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Strategic Business Units in Carphone Warehouse 5 2.3 SBUs and Their Orientation 5 2.4 SBUs and the BCG Model 6 2.4.1 BCG Model’s Recommendations 7 2.4.2 Product life cycle of the ‘cash cow’ and the ‘question mark’ 7 2.5 PEST Analysis 8 2.6 Carphone Warehouse SBUs and â€Å"Five Forces† 8 2.6.1 Industry Competitors 8 2.6.2 Substitutes 9 2.6.3 New Entrants 9 2.6.4 Buyers (Customers)Read MoreEssay on Preliminary Economics Half-Yearly Notes4241 Words   |  17 PagesEconomics Half-Yearly Notes PRELIMINARY TOPIC ONE: INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS The Nature of Economics * Economic problem: wants, resources, scarcity Relatively unlimited wants Relatively limited resources Scarcity → need for choice Economic systems: * traditional * command * market * mixed Three basic economic problems: WHAT/ HOW MUCH g + s should be produced? HOW should the g + s be produced? FOR WHOM should g + s be produced? * Economic problem: howRead MoreMonopoly, Perfect Competition, Imperfect Competition5614 Words   |  23 PagesNATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS CURRICULUM SUPPORT Economics Microeconomics The Theories of the Firm [ADVANCED HIGHER] ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ²Ãâ€¡ Acknowledgements This document is produced by Learning and Teaching Scotland as part of the National Qualifications support programme for Economics. First published 2002 Electronic version 2002  © Learning and Teaching Scotland 2002 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes by educational establishmentsRead MoreSdlc23489 Words   |  94 Pages2 System Development Life Cycle Methodology Learning Objectives : †¢ To introduce the general concepts of various approaches of systems development, their framework, advantages and disadvantages; †¢ To explain in detail the phases involved in Systems Development Life Cycle(SDLC); †¢ To understand the key issues while acquiring or developing system for achieving goals set; †¢ To discuss in detail various System Development Tools like – DFD, Decision Tree, Flowcharts etc.; and Read MoreEnvironmental Analysis19492 Words   |  78 Pagesstrategies used by competitors. This type of knowledge is useful when looking at how competitors have dealt with the forces within their environment in the past. It also gives an indication of how they are likely to act in the competitive environment in the future. This is the basis of ‘competitor analysis’, which broadly means looking at who the competition is, and how they perform, what strategies they use and how successful they are in doing so. It also needs to include as assessment of potentialRead MoreEntrepreneurial Project4740 Words   |  19 Pagesresearch/questionnaire 24 16.5 Appendix 5 – Four learning cycle 25 16.6 Appendix - 6 Communication Plan 26 16.7 Appendix 7 – Human Resource Management Plan 27 16.8 Appendix 8 - Financial Plan 28 16.9 Appendix 9 - Self Reflective Chart, Gibb , Degree of Learning 29 16.10 Appendix 10 - Personal Effectual Cycle 30 Executive Summary This reflective account begins by understanding the importance of the entrepreneurial project and how it creates value for various learning mechanisms such asRead MoreKeynes and the Classical Economists6500 Words   |  26 Pagesfor understanding the ongoing controversy about policy activism. A THE CLASSICAL MODEL: THE CASE FOR LAISSEZ-FAIRE We will begin our exploration of the activist-nonactivist debate by considering the views of the classical economists. The term classical economist describes the mainstream economists who wrote from about 1776 through the early 1930s. For our purposes the most important element of classical economic 1 2 Keynes and The Classical Economists: The Early Debate on Policy Activism thoughtRead MoreOperations Management23559 Words   |  95 PagesChapter 15 (Slide 767) Chapter 16 (Slide 827) Chapter 17 (Slide 878) 1 -3 Learning Objectives of this Course Gain an appreciation of strategic importance of operations and supply chain management in a global business environment Understand how operations relates to other business functions Develop a working knowledge of concepts and methods related to designing and managing operations and supply chains Develop a skill set for quality and process improvement 1 -4 Chapter 1 IntroductionRead MoreExercises for Microeconomics17876 Words   |  72 PagesEXERCISES FOR MICROECONOMICS TOPIC 1 Economics: An Introduction (Chapters 1 2 in the Textbook) EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWINGTERMS ââ€"Ž Average benefit ââ€"Ž Average cost ââ€"Ž Economic surplus ââ€"Ž Economics ââ€"Ž Microeconomics ââ€"Ž Macroeconomics ââ€"Ž Marginal benefit ââ€"Ž Marginal cost ââ€"Ž Normative economics ââ€"Ž Positive economics ââ€"Ž Rational person ââ€"Ž Sunk cost ââ€"Ž Opportunity cost ââ€"Ž Absolute advantage ââ€"Ž Comparative advantage ââ€"Ž Attainable point ââ€"Ž Unattainable point ââ€"Ž Efficient point ââ€"Ž Inefficient

How Sports Influenced Me Free Essays

Fit For Life How Sports Influenced Me Winning athletes and top students share many of the same qualities. They are both hardworking, dedicated, and have the desire to be successful. But a student-athlete has all of these characteristics plus numerous others. We will write a custom essay sample on How Sports Influenced Me or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout high school, I played multiple sports and they each taught me something different, influenced my life, and helped shape me into the person I am today. A few things I learned include how important teamwork is and how critical it is to have a good work ethic. Playing high school level sports was an amazing experience, unmatched by any other. I will carry all the attributes I learned through my life. One of the most important things I learned as a high school athlete was how to work well with others. Teamwork creates a sense of unity within a group of people that leads to having a successful team. Playing a myriad of sports during high school made me understand that when a team works together, as one, they get the greatest results. Teamwork is also important in the classroom. I discovered that working side by side with my classmates not only allowed me to excel academically but I could also help my peers reach their greatest potential as well. The first thing athletes are taught is to always try their best, no matter what. If a team is down by 20 points, a dedicated athlete will give everything he/she has and never quit. If just one player quits, either mentally or physically, the rest of team gets dragged down too. Athletes are told to be players who always hold their heads high and never accept defeat. This is how I became a leader and developed an exceptional work ethic. These are both important qualities for any person to possess. After high school I will pursue a Master of Education degree with a focus on elementary education. I hope that when I become a teacher I am able to teach my students to live by the same virtues. How to cite How Sports Influenced Me, Essay examples How Sports Influenced Me Free Essays Fit For Life How Sports Influenced Me Winning athletes and top students share many of the same qualities. They are both hardworking, dedicated, and have the desire to be successful. But a student-athlete has all of these characteristics plus numerous others. We will write a custom essay sample on How Sports Influenced Me or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout high school, I played multiple sports and they each taught me something different, influenced my life, and helped shape me into the person I am today. A few things I learned include how important teamwork is and how critical it is to have a good work ethic. Playing high school level sports was an amazing experience, unmatched by any other. I will carry all the attributes I learned through my life. One of the most important things I learned as a high school athlete was how to work well with others. Teamwork creates a sense of unity within a group of people that leads to having a successful team. Playing a myriad of sports during high school made me understand that when a team works together, as one, they get the greatest results. Teamwork is also important in the classroom. I discovered that working side by side with my classmates not only allowed me to excel academically but I could also help my peers reach their greatest potential as well. The first thing athletes are taught is to always try their best, no matter what. If a team is down by 20 points, a dedicated athlete will give everything he/she has and never quit. If just one player quits, either mentally or physically, the rest of team gets dragged down too. Athletes are told to be players who always hold their heads high and never accept defeat. This is how I became a leader and developed an exceptional work ethic. These are both important qualities for any person to possess. After high school I will pursue a Master of Education degree with a focus on elementary education. I hope that when I become a teacher I am able to teach my students to live by the same virtues. How to cite How Sports Influenced Me, Papers

Growth of Hotel Industries in India free essay sample

Taking advantage of this opportunity Tata group and another hotel chain called Homotel have entered this business segment. According to a report, Hotel Industry in India currently has supply of 110,000 rooms and there is a shortage of 150,000 rooms fueling hotel room rates across India. According to estimates demand is going to exceed supply by at least 100% over the next 2 years. Five-star hotels in metro cities allot same room, more than once a day to different guests, receiving almost 24-hour rates from both guests against 6-8 hours usage. With demand-supply disparity, hotel rates in India are likely to rise by 25% annually and occupancy by 80%, over the next two years. This will affect the competitiveness of India as a cost-effective tourist destination. To overcome, this shortage Indian hotel industry is adding about 60,000 quality rooms, currently in different stages of planning and development, which should be ready by 2012. Hotel Industry in India is also set to get a fillip with Delhi hosting 2010 Commonwealth Games. We will write a custom essay sample on Growth of Hotel Industries in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Government has approved 300 hotel projects, nearly half of which are in the luxury range. The future scenario of Indian hotel industry looks extremely rosy. It is expected that the budget and mid-market hotel segment will witness huge growth and expansion while the luxury segment will continue to perform extremely well over the next few years. What is the reason behind this sudden growth in the hotel industry in India? The hotel industry in India is going through an interesting phase. The industry has a capacity of 110,000 rooms. According to the tourism ministry, 4. 4 million tourists visited India last year and at the current rate, the demand will soar to 10 million by 2010 – to accommodate 350 million domestic travelers. The hotels of India have a shortage of 150,000 rooms fueling hotel room rates across India. With tremendous pull of opportunity, India has become a destination for hotel chains looking for growth. Due to such a huge potential available in this segment, several global hotel chains like the Hilton, Accor, Marriott International, Berggruen Hotels, Cabana Hotels, Premier Travel Inn (PTI), InterContinental Hotels group and Hampshire among others have all announced major investment plans for the country. The Governments move to declare hotel and tourism industry as a high priority sector with a provision for 100 per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) has also provided a further impetus in attracting investments in to this industry. It is estimated that the hospitality sector is likely to see US$ 11. 41 billion rise in the next two years, with around 40 international hotel brands making their presence known in the country by 2011. Simultaneously, international hotel asset management companies are also likely to enter India. Already, US-based HVS International has firmed up plans to enter India, and industry players believe others like Ashford Hospitality Trust and IFA Hotels Resorts among others are likely to follow suit. One of the major reasons for the increase in demand for hotel rooms in the country is the boom in the overall economy and high growth in sectors like information technology, telecom, retail and real estate. Rising stock market and new business opportunities are also attracting hordes of foreign investors and international corporate travelers to look for business opportunities in the country. Also India has been ranked as the fourth most preferred travel destination and with Lonely Planet selecting the country among the top five destinations from 167 countries; India has finally made its mark on the world travel map. Thus, the increase in the need for accommodation has hugely increased the demands for hotels which in turn has boosted the growth of the hospitality sector in India especially that of the hotel industry. The hospitality industry witnessed a mixed year in 2008. In this article, we shall examine the factors that contributed to the growth and some of the challenges that this sector faces. The sector began the year 2008 on a strong note. Rising tourist inflow, higher occupancy and room rates continued to benefit the hotel players. In the first four months of the year, the tourist arrivals were higher by 11. 7% YoY. Existing hotel companies, new foreign players and real estate players continued with their expansion plans. Prospects were looking good, until the sector faced a double blow. Double trouble Lower growth During 1HFY09, lower corporate spending, fluctuating dollar and opening of credit crisis did impact occupancy rates in some cities like Bangalore, Pune, Hyderabad and Chennai.

Socio-Autobiography Essay Example

Socio-Autobiography Essay Since early childhood, every person is influenced by social environment and culture of her parents and family. In this case, class location and race are the main factors which have an influence on social position and opportunities of individuals. Low class location prevents people to obtain social respect and opportunities available for middle and high class citizens. In contrast, high social position of parents creates opportunities for a child to enter prestigious school and receive good high education. Critics prove that there are interconnections between biography of a person, the social structure and culture of her family or social environment. Classes exist in a given society to the extent that there are significant links between these three levels of social life: if economically determined posi ­tions correlate significantly with peoples lived experience and consciousness, and if both of these have a significant bearing on how they behave as consumers, workers or citizens on how they live, the organizations they join, the parties they support, and so on. For instance, it is difficult for working class families to give good education for their children. It means that they visit pre-school courses and sections for low class families: they go to low prestigious schools in contrast to middle class children. We will write a custom essay sample on Socio-Autobiography specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Socio-Autobiography specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Socio-Autobiography specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer My family traditions and values have influenced my biography and cultural values. Similar to my parents, I visited prestigious secondary school and then entered the University. My life and career goals bear resemblance with my parents’ life and expectations influenced by class location and culture. It is important to note that some decades ago, schools created greater barriers for minority groups of students. This problem was typical for low class white families, but racial differences worsened and deepened this problem. These problems forced many young people to behave violently against society which resulted in civil disobedience. As a cultural element, rap music represents social movement against poverty, mass unemployment and negative experience of black youth. The main focus of rap is on wealth and crime influencing people’s morals and appealing for trendy life style. Influenced by this music, as a cultural phenomenon, young people from low social classes become ga ngsters and criminals unable to find a job and earn for living (Birdsall, Graham, 2000). It is possible to say that my biography is influenced by social structure of the society. Following there are three levels of social life which determine: economic structure and relations between individuals, individuals and society, individuals and the state. This level consists of sets of relations in the sphere of the production and exchange of goods and services. In many cases, my biography is influenced by these relations determining class location and level of income. The second level is social relations that are independent of and external to individuals wills and that define empty positions that they fill. The third level the inter-subjective or meaningful level of social consciousness means the world from within of lived experience that comprises how indi ­viduals see themselves and one another. At this level, my actions are determined by individual and collective preferences of my neighborhood, in various spheres of life, encom ­passing my behavior as a private per ­ son, consumer, worker, citizen and life ­ style and voting behavior (in future). For instance, the biography of individuals form middle class differs greatly from people coming from low classes. I received good education and hope to find a well-paid job; I have a different life style and preferences; I visit prestigious doctors and have life insurance; I live in prestigious region and my parents have stylish cars, etc. (Birdsall, Graham, 2000). Culture is another important social sphere which has a profound impact on biographies of people. Cultural factors exert the major influence on behavior of people as it is the fundamental determinant of a persons wants and behavior. Culture is shared by members the American society and the behavioral traits of which it is comprised are manifested in a social institutions and artifacts. It is something that shapes behavior or structures cat s perception of the world. A deep penetration of Europeans norms and values combined with Native Americans traditions create a system of meanings shaped by the society in general. Culture of my parents determines the language I speak and religious beliefs. I follow family traditions and wear informal cloths in public. For me, success and personal freedom are the most important elements of social values. To some extent, language and ethical differences permit people great liberty to entertain whatever culture they wish in their private lives but heav ily constrain the exercise of religiously inspired values in the public arena. For instance, in the USA cultural diversity has a great impact on biographies of people and social relations. Similar to my parents, most of people prefer to marriage a person belonging to the same culture as his/her family. In contrast, a person coming from India or Japan would have a different biography influenced by her/his cultural traditions. For instance, cultural traditions of Hindus can be identified with a philosophy of life which involves peculiar social relations and views. In many Asian families, women play a secondary role in contrast to men. Most Japanese and Latino try to find jobs in their ‘regions’ in order to keep cultural traditions and norms. On the other hand, it limits their professional opportunities and social mobility. In sum, there are interconnections between the social structure and culture which determine life of a person and his/her biography. In many cases, people are limited by their social class and culture unable to break social stereotypes. In other words, upward social mobility becomes impossible for poor social classes, deprived many persistent, hard-working and talented personalities a chance to compete on the labor market. Psychological characteristics and stereotype formation is therefore likely to involve efforts to differentiate groups, and where social reality allows people to positively distinguish themselves from other national or cultural group.

Weekly Journal #3 Example

Weekly Journal #3 Example Weekly Journal #3 – Assignment Example Weekly Journal The readings of this module are generally informative and provide powerful tools of understanding deeper concepts about family therapy. However, the readings have some key points that act as foundation of the entire detailed information. One of the points of the reading is that Systematic Theory can serve as a treatment technique in family therapy. Another important point is that Systems Theory applied in family therapy is slightly different from its ordinary form used in the normal psychological treatment (Nichols, 2013). The difference particularly relates to the wide application and dependency on genograms. With genogram, Systems Theory can help a therapist explore deeper details of a family system to understand the basis of a given problem facing a given family. Another key point in the study is that Communication is an important technique of Family therapy, mostly depended by Strategic Family Therapists. In addition, Strategic Family Therapy is a broad method of t reatment that encompasses other methods such as Systems Theory, Functional Family Theory, Structural Theory and Problem-Solving Therapy among others. From the readings, an experienced counselor or family therapist may understand that flexibility as to the choice of techniques of treatment is the best way to establish and conduct an effective treatment process. This relates to the fact that different techniques such as the Attachment Theory, Systemic Theory, Strategic Theory and Structural Approach among others can address different concerns and levels in the same treatment process (Nichols, 2013). As a therapist, one should have knowledge of all existing treatment theories and be ready to apply them in the treatment process. Among the insights provided by the readings is that genogram can form a good tool in treating a family whose problem(s) seem to have a generational cause. Another insight is that Strategic Family Therapy can serve as an all-inclusive method of family therapy. Th is is because Strategic Family Therapy applies many if not all other methods of family therapy. It encompasses Structural Therapy, concepts of Systems Theory, Cybernetic concepts, Functional Theory and Solution-based Theory among others (Nichols, 2013). Prior to class discussion, one could not think that the common Psychological theories such as Attachment, Systems, Structural and Solution-Focused Theories can serve as treatment techniques in family Therapy (Nichols, 2013). Initially, one could think that applying different techniques in treating the same problem could lead to conflicts that could jeopardize effective treatment. However, it is now clear that applying different techniques at different levels of treatment can work as the best and most reliable way of solving family problems. ReferenceNichols, M. (2013). Family Therapy: Concepts and Methods. (10th Ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc.

Onnect Events in Fitzgerald's life with situations and events in The Research Paper

Onnect Events in Fitzgerald's life with situations and events in The Great Gatsby - Research Paper Example His life is also a clear portrait of the emotional upheavals and stress a person suffers in order to maintain the heights achieved so early in life. Born of an American father Mr. Edward Fitzgerald and an Irish mother Ms Mollie Fitzgerald in 1896, he led a comfortable childhood. Although his father lost his job when Fitzgerald was twelve years old but the inheritance of his mother was enough to maintain the family’s status and comforts. He was sent to the Newman School in New Jersey in 1911. Father Sigourney Fay in this school recognized his literary talents and encouraged him to work for distinctive achievements in life. The guidance provided by Father Fay proved to be the foundation of his scholarly accomplishments later in life. For receiving college education he was sent to the prestigious Princeton University. He was fascinated by the aristocracy and the royal charm of this place. Here, he took great pride in his literary pursuits but he was not attentive and serious towa rds his academic studies. He contributed regularly to the Princeton Tiger humor magazine and also composed lyrics for the Princeton Triangle Club. Fitzgerald joined the army in 1917 as he was convinced that he will not be able to graduate. He continued to nurture his intellectual interests. He wrote his first novel ‘The Romantic Egotist’ this year only. The novel was rejected by the Charles Scribner’s Sons but interestingly they praised the novel’s originality. The writer in him got the impetus to work harder on it. Meanwhile he was commissioned at Camp Sheridan which was located near Alabama. He was a young lad at this juncture of life who fell in love for Zelda Sayre who was a celebrated belle. He was discharged by the Army in 1919 and went to New York to try his luck in advertisement business as his love Zelda was not happy with his small earnings. He was also ambitious for achieving distinguished success in life and in his efforts to achieve this he re -wrote his novel but it was rejected for the second time by the Scribners. He was not successful in his advertising venture as well. Unwilling to continue with him Zelda broke her engagement with him. Disappointed he returned from New York in 1919 and decided to re-write his novel. He has titled it this time as ‘This side of the paradise’ and sent it once again to Scribners. The editor Maxwell Perkins selected it. The publication of this novel in 1920 proved to be a windfall for him. Its huge success gave celebrity status overnight to twenty four years old Fitzgerald. Interestingly critics trace his mesmerism of Princeton days as well as the broken heart of a young lover in this masterpiece. This early distinctive success in his life brought material fortunes for him as well. Soon after the publication of this novel he became one of the highly paid writers of America. He started living life king size. His infatuation with Zelda compelled him to forget her money minded a ttitude and he married her at this point as now he could lead an extravagant and lavish lifestyle with her and shifted to New York. For Fitzgerald couple, life blossomed into a bed of roses. They were also blessed by their only child Frances Scott Fitzgerald in October 1921. Fitzgerald was writing professionally short stories and plays as well to supplement his income. ‘Flappers and Philosophers’ and ‘Tales of the Jazz Age’ are his wonderful collection of short stories. He wrote his second novel ‘The Beautiful and Damned’ during this time. At this point he was living a life beyond his means expecting further successes as a writer. In this process, he came under heavy debts. Incidentally, his work of political satire ‘

Windows and Macintosh Operating Systems Assignment

Windows and Macintosh Operating Systems - Assignment Example It is a set of manual and automatic procedures that enable a group of people to share a computer installation efficiently (Hansen 1). This program serve as the primary platform where functional software runs. We have heard about DOS and Windows and perhaps are over-familiar with these things. Along these platform categories there belong different types of individual real names for operating systems. Microsoft, Apple, Linux, and other names are similarly popular. Their functions maybe the same but their suitability may differ depending on the preference and convenience of the user. There are several leading names on office network operating systems. Among these names, there are two, which are most commonly used and adopted by different offices and organizations worldwide. The competing leaders of the commercially available operating systems are Microsoft Windows and Macintosh Operating Systems. Considering the latest versions of these products, let us therefore evaluate the performances of Windows Vista from Microsoft and Mc OS X from Macintosh based on the office network requirements. In addition, file handling and other office functionality of the systems must also be evaluated. Finally, let us look at the picture of other user's preferences based on information of what systems other industries are using. Findings File handling and office works capabilities The office primary activities include document creation, filing and browsing. Apple Incorporated through their website with the title "Mac OS X Leopard" and Microsoft's Windows website titled "Windows Vista" both show that their operating systems supports these office functionality with different methods and styles. However, minor cases differ in file handling such as OS X does not allow "cut" in the Finder to move files just as Vista can do. They both support word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, and database programs from other third party sources. Mac has its own Finder similar to Windows Search for easy document files and information searching within the computer, the networks, or the web. The search capability is supported with preview capability to allow seeing the document before opening a means to fast track document search. Windows Vista has file-encrypting capability, which protect file from unauthorized access for computers that are shared by different office workers, and in the networks. Mac OS also supports encrypting within the network. Networking capabilities Networking, whether within office, with other networks, or through the Internet is a major requirement of the current office systems. Software that doesn't support this requirement cannot stand with intense market competitions. Obviously, the Windows and Mac operating systems both should have these capabilities. The question is who has better functionality against the other Browsing the features from the respective official websites of the product we have learned that they have their own unique advantage. Mac OS X supports a

ODD and CD Risk Factors Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ODD and CD Risk Factors - Term Paper Example The symptoms are: arguing with adults, loss of temper, refuse to obey rules, vindictive, low self-esteem, hold others responsible for their mistakes, angry and annoys people deliberately. Risk Factors Male children and teenagers are more prone to acquiring the disorder than their female counterparts. These children mostly are raised by parents who have a substance abuse problem, moody or with attention deficit. Marital conflicts coupled with child abuse are other factors that increase chances of acquiring ODD. Low socioeconomic status is also noted to contribute and lastly the presence of an inconsistent parental attention. Many researchers maintain that ODD is a benign disorder. Children suffering from ODD are associated with low intelligence and hence are poor academic performers. However, this does not mean that highly intelligent children do not exhibit conduct problems. Due to the hostility aspect exhibited by ODD children they likely end up with poor social lives. Their delinqu ent nature lands them usually in trouble with authorities. In respect to neurochemicals and their relationship with ODD development, studies have shown that low levels of salivary cortisol have a huge correlation with ODD. There is also evidence of genetic attributes liable for ODD. This is where family negativity links up well with antisocial behaviours mostly at the adolescent stage. In order to identify the progressive nature of the disorder in a child one is required to examine them through discussions, talk to their parent(s) and research on their medical past records. Other tests are also necessary so as to determine that it is actually ODD and not any other disorder or problem. This is necessitated by the fact that ODD manifests itself among other neuropsychiatric disorders (Boden, Fergusson & Horwood, 2010). This is in other words termed as comorbidity and examples are ODD coupled with depression and ODD and ADHD. Case disorder Douglas is now 18 years old and is in high scho ol. He is fully rehabilitated from drugs and is seemingly quite happy with the way life is going. However, life as it is has turned for the better for a boy whose life remained a nightmare for him and those around him since he was 12 years old. At this age he started being hot tempered especially when he was denied to go for dances by his parents. He was suspended at the 8th grade after fighting with other children. After returning to school he took up a lifestyle of bullying others and later swore at a judge. He was taken to a Youth Centre for 3 months where he assaulted a guard and got an extension to 7 months. After returning home he decided that was it and unsuccessfully attempted to hang himself. It was later found that apart from having ODD he was also a deeply depressed teenager. Conduct Disorder This is regarded by many researchers as a higher version of Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The one suffering from this disorder hugely curtails the right of others in a social settin g. They tend to be quite aggressive to people and animals. They bully and intimidate them, physically harm others, force others into sexual acts and engage in stealing mostly by confronting their victims. They destroy property deliberately e.g. by setting it on fire and other such destructive measures. They are deceitful and act as thieves by breaking into houses. They often lie to get what they want and involve themselves in petty thefts (Harley, Murtagh and Cannon, 2008). They seriously violate rules

Financial market is important for Savers and Borrowers

Financial market is important for Savers and Borrowers What is financial markets and why it is important for savers and borrowers? Financial market is a system that includes an individuals and institutions, and procedures that together borrowers and savers and it is no matter where is the location between the savers and borrowers. The main role for financial market is to facilitate the funds from the individuals and business that have the majority fund to individuals, business, and governments to fulfill their needs of income. Financial institution is a process that used by organization which providing various types of financial services to their customers. The government authorities has controlled and supervised the institution according to the rules and regulations. Financial institution is giving different type of economic ideas for an organization to carry out their business. Financial institution is an establishment that gives as the financial services. Financial institution based on bank, credit unions, asset management firms and m ore. They are responsible for distributing of the financial resources in a planned way to the potential users. Financial institution can be categorized as Deposit Taking Institutions, Investment Institutions, Pension Providing Institution, Risk Management Institution and more. Financial markets have five type markets their money market, capital market, debt market, equity market and derivative market. Money market is the market that maturities less than one year and provide liquidity to the market place. Capital market is transfer income to the future year, for example home mortgages. Debt market is an financial market for give loans. Equity market is identifying the financial market in which corporate stock are traded. Derivative market is a market the right to sell in the future at a price set today. Their three different ways for transferring capital or fund from savers to borrowers in the financial market their direct transfer of, investment banking house and indirect transfer ( financial intermediaries). This three different way of transferring are taking a major part in the business environment know days for increase the capital of a business or governments to do their project and they will improve their economy of their country. Direct transfer is one of the ways of transferring capital from saver to borrower in the financial market. Direct transfer takes place when an organization sells their goods or bond directly to the savers without going through any other ways of financial institutions. The business gives their securities to the savers and the savers who getting the securities must give the money to the business when the business need. The diagram below is showing the direct transfers process. Direct transfer is giving the borrowers a direct way to get their saver to capital their money in to the borrowers business. In this direct transfer the savers dont have any interrogation from investment banking house or financial intermediaries when they investing their money in to the borrowers business. For an example an organization is willing to start up a new product in their productivity and they dont have much capital to start up the new productivity so the organization will ask the investors or savers to give some funds to start up their new productivity and after they produce their product and they will sail the product. After that they will give the amount that was given by the he savers with the dividend from the profit that the borrower earns according to how much the saver capital in the business. An advantage for direct transfer is the dialing and the transaction will be known by the borrower and the saver. They dont have any interrogation from investment banking house or financial intermediaries so the borrower can get more capital from the saver and for saver he will get more dividend after the borrower gain his profit. The disadvantage for direct transfer is if the borrower is get the money from the saver and the business was faller the saver wont get any money from the borrower because the business is in lost. Or other disadvantage is if the saver gives the money to the borrower and the borrower tack the money and he can cheat the saver. The saver cant get any help from other authorities because they do direct transfer. Investment Banking House is also another way of transferring capital or found from savers to borrower in the financial market. Investment Banking House is underwrite and distributing a new investment security and help the business obtain financial by an organization. The issuance of securities will middleman and facilitates by the underwriter saver. The organization will sells the stock or the bond that they have to the investment bank and the investment bank will sells the same securities to the savers. The diagram below is showing the investment banking house process. Investment banking house is giving the opportunity to the saver to identify which investment is better for them to gain benefits and for borrowers they dont need to worry about finding their saver because the investment banking house will give the investor or saver to the borrower to invest capital to do their business. After the business got the profit the borrower will give the money to the investment banking house and they will give the money to the savers by adding the dividend. And for the investment banking house they will get their income from the both borrower and saver because they are the medal person how identify and give the good borrower for saver and a good saver for the borrower. The advantage for investment banking house is they will identify a good borrower for the saver to invest and they also have more than one investment plane for the savers. For borrowers they dont need to worry about to find their saver because the investment banking house will get the saver for the borrower so the both party will have lesser work compare to direct transfer. The disadvantage is for the investment banking house is if the borrower didnt get the profit from the business so the borrower can give the amount that invest by the saver, so the investment bank house not responsible for that. They wont give any money to the saver. Financial intermediaries Financial intermediaries are the thread way to transferring capital in to financial market. Financial intermediaries specialized financial firm that facilitate the transfer of funds from saver to borrower for a capital for his business. Financial intermediary can identify as a bank. It will create a new financial product to simply transfer money and securities between the borrowers and the savers. The diagram below is showing the financial intermediaries process. The financial intermediaries will tack the capital or fund from the saver who invest to them and they will give their own capital to their borrowers. For example saver give 3milion to the financial intermediaries and the borrower want a capital of 2milion to do his business, so the financial intermediaries will give the lone to the borrower by adding his own inters rate to the borrower. After the business get the profit the borrower will give the money and inters to the financial intermediaries and then the intermediaries will give savers the capital by adding sum inters as a profit for the saver. So the financial intermediaries will get their profit from the inters that they set for the borrower and the give the sum of the inters to his saver. The advantage financial intermediaries are both the saver and the borrower are control by them. They will fix the lone for the borrower and they have the statement of savers ho invest their money to them. Also if the borrower cant give the amo unt that he borrows from them the saver will get his capital. The disadvantage of financial intermediaries it will tack a long term to get the profit for the saver because the intermediaries is using the savers money to give more than one borrower to do their business, so when the borrowers give the money to them then only they can give the hole amount to the saver. Conclusion Financial market is helping the saver and borrower gain more profit. It also helping our country to become stable and giving a good position in economic compare to other country because if savers give more capital to the financial market the can used as a capital for borrowers to do their business to gain more profit to all of them, with this the saver get his profit, the borrower gets is profit, financial market sector can get their profit and the government can improve the economics of the country in higher level. It also give more inters to other country to inverse sum capital or business to improve our standard of life style.

Comparing the Escape Theme in Raise the Red Lantern, Handmaids Tale, and Dolls House :: comparison compare contrast essays

Raise the Red Lantern,   The Handmaid's Tale, A Doll's House:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freedom Through Escape  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Women have suffered as the result of harassment and discrimination for centuries. Today, women are able to directly confront their persecutors through the news media as well as the legal system.   Three important literary works illustrate that it has not always been possible for women to strike back. In Raise the Red Lantern, The Handmaid's Tale, and A Doll's House, the main female characters find ways to escape their situations rather than directly confronting the problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Songlian, the main character in the foreign film Raise the Red Lantern, finds unusual ways of dealing with her oppression. For example, Songlian often takes her stress out on her maid, Yan'er. Whenever Songlian feels the need to relieve her tension, she screams at Yan'er. Songlian's treatment towards her maid results in a bitter rivalry between the two and ultimately leads to the death of Yan'er. Instead of expressing herself publicly, Songlian chooses to keep her emotions bottled up or take them out on Yan'er. Another example of this concept occurs when Songlian becomes intoxicated. Due to her unfortunate situation, Songlian chooses to drink an enormous amount of alcohol on her birthday. In her mind, she feels that she has nothing to look forward to in life. So Songlian escapes real life by drinking. This is yet another example of Songlian's feeble attempt to escape her troubles. Furthermore, Songlian's outlook on life becomes so bleak that she literally goes insane. Si nce she witnessed the death of the third mistress, she confirms her fear that there is no escaping her situation. Thus, she drives herself crazy. Therefore, we can see that Songlian uses techniques to try and escape her fate. The next work, entitled A Doll's House, deals with Nora, the main character, struggling to achieve happiness in life. While Nora lives with her husband, Torvald, she pretends to be happy and satisfied with life, but in reality, Nora lacks purpose in her life. For eight years, she never discusses her situation with Torvald because she does not want to face the truth about herself. Nora feels obligated to live her life as a caring mother and an obedient wife. Also, Nora pretends to be happy for a reason. Whether she knows it or not, Nora tries to be the ideal wife and mother by letting herself be governed by the laws of society.

Why You Think It Is Important to Study Counseling

In our everyday life we hear about these issues all the time. Remaining value-neutral about abortion, suicide, adultery, drug use, domestic violence, and child abuse, will not be very easy because we all have our different opinion on such issues. Some of these issue my friends and I discuss everyday and we give our value opinion on these issues which is a little rough. If I would take my personal value along with my friend’s personal value and bring it into my therapy session, it would become overkill. Whether or not I agree with the issues that I am presented with and may not agree with the values of clients, I must respect the rights of my clients to hold ethical issues. Abortion will be a value clash to a lot of counselor, because of their own personal ethics and value. Abortion is a big issue even with Politics no one has or knows the right thing to say, and if you say something wrong trust me you will be crucified in public or a court room. Personal Values Counselors are aware of their own values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors and avoid imposing values that are inconsistent with counseling goals. Counselors respect the diversity of clients, trainees, and research participants (A. 4. b)† Remaining value-neutral to suicide will be very hard, especially for me until I evaluate whether a person’s suicide or hastened death is rational. Also, I need to confront my own fear about death and dying. I know one day we all have to go, but it is hard to know someone you love or care about is going to die or is suffering and want to end their lives. I feel if a client comes in for therapy to discuss suicide I would listen and find out if the client decision is a rational suicide. I do not think anyone should suffer before they die, if the client has a terminal illness and she tired of the constant suffering and want to end her life, I would counsel the client and help her with her decision. Counselors have their own personal values about sexual practices, so when a client comes to me as a therapist that is knowingly committed adultery or in domestic violence relationship I become judgmental. I feel I cannot remain value neutral about these issues. Two men in my life committed adultery which I have children with, I cannot forgive them, my home got destroy because of their adultery not only did I suffer but so did my children. I cannot be bias with a client who comes to me with those issues. I would make it clear to the client that it is my problem not theirs when I refer them to someone else. My good friend was in a domestic violence marriage and I watch her suffer. I try to talk with her concerning her health, I told her that man can kill her one day; nothing I could have said could make my friend leave her husband. When she had her daughter, the beaten continue until I threaten to call ACS on her and take her daughter out of that environment, I let her know I am the God mother of her daughter and I will not stand by and watch my God daughter grow up in that environment. This almost took our friendship, what was she thinking? I think this is a good as time as any to refer the client with these issues to someone else because my values and those of the client clash to such extent that I do question my ability to be helpful. â€Å" Yarhouse and VanOrman (1999) assert that value conflicts between clients and therapists are inevitable. The challenge for therapists is to recognize when their values clash with a client’s values to the extent that they are not able to function effectively. I feel these two issues might lead me to consider referring the client to another counselor, and if referring them was not an option I would read my ACA codes and keep referring to my supervisor or peers to help me with the clients Some counselors can remain value-neutral on drug use because most counselors that are drug counselors were once drug abuser themselves. The counselors can empathize with their feelings and the struggle that the clients are going to face, because they have shared experiences and value. I had a lot of friends that turned to drugs, and now they are drug free, working, got housing, and got their children back. There are a lot of options for drug abuser like rehab centers, detoxification clinic, methadone programs, and outpatient clinic. Issues such as child abuse are hard to remain value-neutral especially when you have children of your own. The ethic code will have to be use a lot so you can counsel the client with the same respect you will give anyone else. I would also look into other programs such as parenting, and group meeting so the clients can attend additionally.

How to Live Large on an Entry Level Budget

How to Live Large on an Entry Level Budget You’ve finally landed an entry level job and everything has been going well.  Ã‚  You’ve gotten your first pay stub and you’re excited and ready to go out and spend that money on extravagant items. BUT WAIT, there’s one thing you forgot–you’ve got bills to pay! Now you find yourself in a position where you have to create a budget  so that you don’t spend your  money carelessly. Being an adult is tough work, but if you follow these 6 steps, you can develop an effective budget that will leave money in your pocket while still living large! 1.  Plan your budgetThe first, most obvious, step, is to make a budget. Mint is a great app that helps you track what you have coming in and where it goes where you spend it. It nudges you to remember to save some money for fun things like   entertainment, but also helps you save for large purchases or even retirement investments.2. Rent cheaper apartmentsYou have to live somewhere and it can be tempting to pick the coolest neighborhood or the shortest commute, near where your friends live or right by your favorite music venue. But casting your net a bit wider, geographically speaking, may help you maximize your floor plan while minimizing your monthly rent expenses.3.  Cook your own foodReal Talk: My first year of employment and New York living, the Chinese takeout near me knew my out-of-state area code and order so well they’d answer the phone with, â€Å"Yes, Virginia, steamed dumplings and†¦?† It was not a good look. As a newly fledged adult I’ve learned to cook the basics- proteins, pasta, roasted vegetables. Salt and pepper. Cooking even the simplest things is better for you than living on leftovers- and making smart (cheap) choices for breakfast and lunch lets you save a few bucks for a nice meal out now and then.4. Work on your bargain hunting skillsGet to know the stores that take consignment or accept trades. Sell back old textbooks. Build up your eBay skills so your listings are polished and professional, and see how your collectible former fads fare on the resale market.5.  Enjoy the FREE festivitiesMuseums and libraries are your new best friends; outdoor concerts are your bread and butter. Gallery openings, tourist offerings, offseason events with discounted fees, and of course apps like Groupon can all help you make the most out of that limited entertainment budget Mint helped you set aside!6. Take advantage of company perksThis will all depend on where you’re working, but often corporate employers have partnerships with entertainment venues, fitness centers, or educational organizations. They may even offer public transit rebates! Figure out how to make the most out of your employer’s strategic alliances to secure experiences or goods and services that make your life better!And finally, remember that this too shall pass- every annual review is a chance for a cost of living increase or a tit le bump. Eventually you will look back and wonder how you saved up all this money- and it’ll be because you developed responsible habits when you didn’t have much to spend.

Wharton School Application

Wharton School Application center where I will do my best to provide a great involvement and get a lot of new experience. I am very hard working student who never gives up in any situation. I am ready to meet tight deadlines and always do my work with the special attention. These features of character always help me to be responsible in studying. As far as I am an international student, I will reflect a different culture in the school by making different meetings and parties. Alumnus of Wharton school are very valued among employers of world famous companies as this school represented itself as a top ranked educational institution. Getting education in this school will give me the opportunity to become a professional in my field of science. Those are the reasons why I would appreciate to become a student of the Wharton school.

What is the greatest obstacle preventing the US from having a more Research Paper

What is the greatest obstacle preventing the US from having a more effective and cost-effective healthcare system - Research Paper Example Different healthcare organizations have been affected by hospital staff turnover. Majority of the medical workers have been overworked and hence deciding to leave the profession. Currently, the decreasing number of nurses and medical personnel is a major problem with no new trainees joining the profession. Because of this, we have very many medical injustices and errors occurring each year. The success of a nation is determined by the health of its citizens. This facilitates economic development because the population is healthy and productive. The older population in America is stressed with the need for health insurance, something very expensive and almost unaffordable (Wieners 48). Because of this, it is necessary to have an insurance collectivism whereby the people are safeguarded from incurring exorbitant expenses for health care services. The issue of health care has widely been debated in the country. Just like the Medicaid Program, I believe something much more is needed to r educe the expenses incurred by the older generation when searching for medical support and care.Today the US is one the countries where a lot of money is spent per individual on issues related to healthcare. This is something that has been stressing the elderly citizens as well as the young ones. That being the case, the government has always been spending enormous amounts of money on other issues instead of tackling the health crisis faced in the country. Experts believe that the issue of health care is seen in the country as a hindrance to other agendas, but this should not be the case (Thompson 1). A lot of money is spent on secondary issues such as the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Also, while security is something important, it should not be highly considered compared to the health of the common citizen. From the studies that have been conducted in five key States in 2001, it has been indicated that medical debts always contribute to about 46.2 per cent of the bankruptcies reco rded. Another study conducted in the year 2007 showed an increase to 62.1 per cent. The medical expenses in the country have also remained hence making it hard for the people to access better health support (TEDxBigApple). These facts therefore support the need to have free insurance for all legalized citizens of the country. This is the only way the rights of the people can be addressed and have a healthy nation. The logical explanation of any given country is always determined by the health of all its citizens. Possible Answers Today the U.S. is one of the wealthiest countries in the world yet is cannot make sure all the citizens of have proper medical care. Health care in the country is very expensive both from the public and private providers. In 2009, the U.S. Census Bureau announced that over fifty million people in the country had not insurance cover (Anderson 3). This indicates that majority of the people decide to live without any form of health cover rather than paying exo rbitant amounts for the cover. Looking at it keenly, the citizens pay very heavy taxes for this health benefit to be provided (Squires 1). However, this is something yet to be realized. It would be wise tax the people and provide them with free medical cover and health insurance. Currently we have many citizens who do not have access or qualify for the insurance provided by the government; others cannot afford or purchase insurance, and other individuals are not insured by private employers. Such people have remained without any medical cover. Taxes paid by the people should always be used to address issues like people’s health and not concentrating much on foreign issues (Fox 1). Budget reports from

Stove Pipe stucture v.s Line Manager Research Paper

Stove Pipe stucture v.s Line Manager - Research Paper Example Organizational structure may be defined as the method through which the use of a hierarchy such as groups, business, organizations, or people cooperate to achieve success of one common goal. Business organizational structures differ depending on their objective, scope, and size. However, a good structure should reflect hierarchical duties, division of labor and tasks arranged related directly to a goal. A structure may also be seen as an organizational chart. Organizational structures can be classified differently depending on the nature and size of organization. A structure can be traditional, divisional or matrix. Traditional structures are usually based on the functional divisions and departments. Organizations with traditional structures often follow laid out rules and regulations strictly, they also have a well defined authority structure for all levels of management. The structures include the line structure that has a line of command; line and staff structure that is a combination of the line structure where information comes from the top level to the bottom levels, with staff departments for support and specialization; and functional structure that is a classification of people according to the function they perform in the organization, for example, sales, accounts, human resource or administrative. Divisional structures are specifically based on the divisional differences in the organization. This structure is further divided into product structure whereby the organization of employees and the work to be done is on the basis of the different types of products produced by the organization; market structure that involves grouping employees on the basis of the market the company sells their products and geographic structure that follows a zonal region structure. Matrix structure is a combination of the functional and product structures. It aims to combine the best of both structures to make an organization and its structure more

Organization behavior Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organization behavior - Case Study Example This is caused by the fact that people have different attitudes and different motivations in their endeavors. For instance, in this case, it can be argued that the two managers have different attitudes towards people. There are many learning theories such as behaviorism and humanism. Behaviorism for instance argues that people learn based on stimuli. If a person knows that his actions will cost them, they are likely to refrain from these actions. Other theories of learning articulate that individuals learn as a way of making their own knowledge. In the above case, it seems that Susan is a behaviorist and believes that if Don is made to suffer from his actions, he will change his bad behavior. On the other hand, Bob seems to subscribe to humanism as a theory of learning. As such, he believes that if given the right resources, Don will learn in order to meet his needs. Employees expect to be rewarded for their hard work and their contribution to the firm. Sometimes employees can contribute more to the firm than is required by their employment agreement. This is what Jackie has been doing because she has been going beyond her expected outcomes. However, in most cases, when the employees do this, they also expect the employer to go beyond his formal responsibilities when rewarding them. This passive agreement between the employer and the employee is called psychological contract and if one side breaches it, the other will feel demotivated. In this case, Steelfab Corp has failed to honor its side of the psychological contract with Jackie. To remedy this, Steelfab Corp must be able to meet its side of the psychological contract by rewarding her more for the work she is doing. This can be achieved by having a performance-based work environment where employees will be rewarded not based on how close they are to the seniors but in accordance to their con tribution to the firm. Amy should have assigned her a job description with proper roles. This could have

Social Performance and Social Influence Essay Example for Free

Social Performance and Social Influence Essay Social psychologist, Dr. Robert Cialdini has researched basic principles that govern how one person may influence another. You will read about these six principles in his 2002 article The Science and Practice of Persuasion. Social Performance Aristotle first called humans social animals. People tend to gather, play, and work in groups. Groups fulfill a variety of functions such as satisfying the need to belong, providing support and intimacy, and assisting in accomplishing tasks that individuals could not accomplish alone, etc. In Chapter 13 of the textbook, groups will be defined as two or more people working together on a task in which the outcome is quantifiable. This discussion will focus on two major areas that have been researched since the end of the 19th century: social facilitation and social loafing. Social Facilitation At first glance, these terms seem to be opposing behaviors: social facilitation refers to the fact that people work harder in groups, whereas social loafing describes their tendency reduce their efforts when in groups. The difference, it appears, is how people view the individuals in their groups–whether they perceive those in the group as being with them us or against them. If group members are against them, they perceive them as competitors, evaluators, or sources of comparison, which is likely to increase or facilitate their efforts. If they are with them, sharing in the demands of the task and evaluation, they are likely to loaf or reduce our efforts. These findings appear counterintuitive. Research on social facilitation began with Triplett (1989) who observed that cyclists pedaled faster, or performed better, when others were present than when performing alone. He argued that the other biker was a stimulus, arousing a competitive instinct in the cyclist. He tested his theory by asking children to wind fishing reels either alone or beside other children. The majority of the children turned the wheel faster when working alongside another child than when reeling alone. Allport (1924) termed this effect social facilitation. Still, it seemed that many disagreed about whether the presence of others increased or decreased performance on tasks. Zajonc (1965) renewed interest in social facilitation, and suggested that the presence of others enhanced a dominant response–which is the most probable response on a given task. If the task is simple and well-learned, the dominant response will be facilitated. For example, if you were a skilled concert pianist, performing in front of others would increase your proficiency on the task; you would play beautifully. Since you are not skilled at this art, being observed by others would no doubt cause anxiety and would result in quite the opposite effect, inhibiting your performance. Zajonc was suggesting that the presence of others increases drive. Others were still arguing that it was the evaluation or the competition associated with others being present that produced the drive. Whether it was mere presence or evaluation apprehension that increased the drive, the drive theory remained the dominant thought of the time. Alternative approaches to social-facilitation effects fall into three classes: The first was the continued thought that the presence of others increases drive by evaluation apprehension. The second thought suggested that the situation places demands on the individual to behave in a particular way; individuals are engaged in self-presentation and self-awareness. The third idea argued that the presence of others affects focus and attention to the task, meaning that the task becomes cognitive. Hence, the controversy over whether it is the mere presence of others or evaluation that causes social facilitation is unresolved. Social Loafing Social facilitation research demonstrates that the presence of others sometimes enhances performance, yet at times reduces it. But, how does working with others affect motivation? Many would argue that groups should energize and motivate. The tendency for individuals to work less hard on a collective task than on an individual task is called social loafing. For example, those group projects at work or school where a few individuals did the majority of the work–social loafing. Research in this area has been conducted in a way that makes individuals believe that they are either working alone or working with others–then measures efforts toward the task. For example, Ringelmann (Kravitz Martin, 1986) had volunteers pull on a rope as hard as they could in groups of varying sizes. Their efforts decreased as group sizes increased. This was explained in two ways: their motivation decreased as groups size increased or maybe the larger groups were not able to coordinate their efforts efficiently. Researchers sought to tease apart these two factors, focusing on motivation. You can imagine that it was difficult to devise methods that lead participants to believe they were either working alone (when they were not) or with others (when they were working alone), which lends to the difficulty of studying social loafing. However, over 100 studies (Steiner, 1972; Griffith, Fichman, Moreland, 1989; Jackson Williams, 1985; Henningsen et al. , 2000) have tested the effects of groups on motivation, and social loafing has been replicated in most of these studies. Other theories have attempted to explain social loafing. Social impact theory states that when a group is working together, the expectation is that the effort should be diffused across all participants, resulting in diminished effort. Arousal reduction postulates that the presence of others should increase drive only when they are observers and reduce our efforts when they are coworkers. Evaluation potential suggests that social loafing occurs because individual efforts are so difficult to identify during a collective task; one can easily hide in the crowd or may feel they will not be acknowledged for their hard work. Dispensability of effort argues that individuals may feel their efforts are unnecessary or dispensable. The group simply does not need them. An integrative theory: the collective effort model states that individuals will work hard on a task only to the degree to which they believe their efforts will be instrumental in leading to outcomes they value, personally. Hence, the value they place on the task (and their efforts) depends on their personal beliefs, task meaningfulness, favorable interactions with the group, the nature of the rewards, and the extent to which their future goals are impacted by the task. Social loafing can be moderated, or reduced, when individuals efforts can be identified or evaluated, when individuals are working on a task they deem as important or of personal relevance, or when individuals are working with cohesive groups or close friends. Individual differences or characteristics also influence who engages in social loafing less because they value collective outcomes. For example, a need for affiliation, a hard work ethic, or high self-monitoring can influence effort. It should be clear that the mere presence of others is arousing. It appears that if others are competitors or evaluators they facilitate motivation to work harder. If individuals see others as a part of themselves, they can hide behind them or their efforts can get lost in the efforts of others. Further research in this area can help us determine how our view of others affects our motivation and performance. Social Influence Processes of Control and Change Social influence is one of the primary research areas in social psychology and refers to the ways in which opinions and attitudes influence the opinions and attitudes of others. Two types of social influence can be identified in groups: influence aimed at maintaining group norms (social control) or changing group norms (social change). The most common form of social control is conformity, where an individual complies with or accepts the groups views. Since the influence is typically within a context of a group of people influencing an individual, it is referred to as majority influence. Another type of social control is obedience, where individuals obey an authority figure, often against their will. For group norms to change, a small subset of the group must resist the majority view, which is termed minority influence. If minorities never resisted, group opinions would persist, fashions would never change, innovations would not come about, etc. It must be clear that the term majority refers to the larger group of people who hold the normative view and has power over others. Minority groups tend to be small, hold nonnormative positions, and wield very little power. This study textbook is concerned with two influence processes: processes that ensure that others adhere to the groups position (social control; conformity and obedience) or processes that aim to change the groups position (social change: innovation and active minorities). Social influence has studied how individuals conform to the majority, often by giving an obvious erroneous response to a question. According to Festinger (1950, 1954), this occurs because there are social pressures for groups to reach consensus, especially when there is a group goal. Individuals seek social approval and seek others to verify their opinions. Deutsch and Gerard (1955) distinguish between normative social influence (conforming to expectations of others) and informational social influence (accepting information from the group as reality). Another view is that people conform over concerns for positive self-evaluations, to have good relationships with others, and to better understand a situation by reducing uncertainty. Social influence also addresses why people comply with acts that clearly cause harm to another. The study of obedience is intimately tied to one social psychologist–Stanley Milgram (1963). His post-WWII research aimed to understand why people willingly engaged in the atrocities perpetrated by the Nazis. People probably preferred to believe these were evil, disturbed men who were intrinsically evil? However, many of them claimed they were not responsible for their behavior. After all, they were simply following orders. In Milgrams (1963) classic study, he led participants (who were assigned to be teachers) to believe they were administering harmful shocks to the learners each time they made an error on a task. The experimenter (the authority figure) demanded they increase the level of shock for each incorrect response. As shocks increased, the receiver (the learner, who was out of the sight of the teacher) responded with distressed reactions. However, the teacher was encouraged, even demanded, to continue the experiment, even though he believed the learner was experiencing extreme distress. The question was, to what extent normal people would obey the instructions of the authority figure and administer harmful levels of shock to harm another individual. Milgrams results showed that a full 65% of all participants administered every level of shock, surpassing levels believed to do fatal harm to subjects. Milgrams findings have been replicated with consistent results. Why did they obey? Milgram offered the following explanations: (a) they had entered into a contract with the experimenter and did not wish to spoil the experiment; (b) they were absorbed in the experiment and lost sight of the implications of their actions; (c) the participants are acting for the experimenter; they may be pushing the buttons, but they are not responsible, the experimenter is. Notice these are all situational explanations; participants were put into a powerful role relationship with the experimenter. However, when the experimenter was not visible, or another participant played the role of the experimenter, obedience rates decreased, but did not fall to zero, indicating the role relationship did not fully account for their obedience. Milgrams research remains some of the most intriguing and influential in social psychology. Minority Influence Moscovicis (1976) book Social Influence and Social Change, he argues that minorities can create conflict by offering a different perspective, thereby challenging the dominant or majority view. Moscovici claims that people trying to avoid conflict may dismiss the minority position, and possibly denigrate it. However, when the minority demonstrates commitment to their position, the majority may consider the minority view as a viable alternative. He called this the minoritys behavioral style–meaning the way the message is organized and communicated. By standing up to the majority, the minority demonstrates that it is certain, confident, committed, and not easily persuaded. Researchers have compared majority and minority influence. Conversion theory is the dominant perspective and argues that all forms of influence, whether minority or majority, create conflict that individuals are motivated to reduce. However, people employ different processes depending on whether the conflict is the result of majority influence or minority influence. Comparison process suggests that people focus attention on fitting in, or complying with what others say. Their goal is to identify with the group and comply with the majority position, often times without examining the majoritys arguments in detail. Social comparison can drive majority influence, but cannot motivate minority influence, according to Moscovici (1976), because people desire to disassociate themselves with undesirable groups. Because minority groups tend to be distinctive, they stand out, and this encourages a validation process where some examine the judgments in order to confirm or validate them–to see what it is the minority saw or to understand the minoritys view. This process can lead to increased message processing which results in an attitude change on an indirect, latent, or private level. Convergent-divergent theory is proposed by Nemeth (1986) and simply states that people expect to share the same attitude as the majority and to differ from the minority (the false-consensus heuristic). Stress is the result of realizing that the majority has a different perspective than oneself, especially if one is in the physical presence of the majority. Stress narrows ones attention and majority influence, and then leads to convergent thinking. Minorities, on the other hand, do not cause high levels of stress, since they hold different views, which allows for less restricted focus of attention and leads to a greater consideration of alternatives that may not have been considered without the influence of the minority view. This results in creative and original solutions. Other theories that integrate minority and majority influence include mathematical models, objective-consensus models, conflict-elaboration theory, context/comparison model, and self-categorization theory. More contemporary models include social-cognitive responses with an emphasis on information-processing such as the elaboration likelihood model and the heuristic systematic model we discussed in an earlier chapter. New research continues to develop. Conclusion This module reviewed social psychological research that has made great contributions to the understanding of human behavior. Early research (e. g. , Triplett, 1898; Zajonc, 1965) led to the beginning of the relatively new field of social psychology.

Two Social Reformers In India History Essay

Two Social Reformers In India History Essay As a result of the expansion of British imperialism to Asia, Sri Lanka and India became British colonies in the 18th and 19th centuries respectively .Subsequently due to the mode of administration introduced by the British, many significant changes were caused in political, social, economic, cultural and religious spheres. Most of these transformations were not beneficial for the people of both these countries as they rather conformed to the British way of life. Mostly affected by these were the ordinary people while a section of the middle class society in both countries acquired the English education and were actively supporting the British another section of the same class who was also nurtured by English education worked with dedication to safeguard the indigenous identity. This section further formed the necessary background for liberating their countries from British imperialism by initiating social reforms. Raja Ram Mohan Roy of India and Anagarika Dharmapala of Sri Lanka coul d be shown as two significant personalities among those who contributed towards such social reforms. They first brought about a religious revival and subsequently contributed towards achieving economic, political and cultural awakening. These two leaders expected to awaken the masses through this and to finally uproot the British imperialism from the two countries. Raja Rammohan Roy As no any aspect of western political history can be spoken without mentioning Aristotle, the most revered name of Raja Rarnmohan Roy is engraved in the political history of modern India. It was Aristotle is political thoughts that inspired the Western world after twenty-three centuries. Similarly there was a need for a movement in modem India to go back to the ideal of Raja, who is regarded as the pioneer of many fields in the social and religious movements. Raja is well known throughout the world as the pioneer of the school of comparative religion. This great Vedantist, opposed the influence of the Christian missionaries, while laying the foundation of monotheistic revival in India. He is the most famous advocate of the social reformation on the logical principles, and one of the pioneers of Western education in this country for the understanding of the political thought of modern India. (Sharma 1996) It is essential to have a very deep understanding of the political ideas of this great reformer. Raja was essentially a philosopher. Philosophers like Plato and Aristotle were the pioneers of the western political field. India did not have a shortage of philosophers in the middle ages, but none of the philosophers from Sankaracharya of the eighth century to Valadeva Vidyabhushan of the eighteenth century were interested in the political field. Politics had no appeal to anybody when there was guarantee of independence, or enlightened public opinion. Politics was thought to be a concern of the princes alone. That was the situation of India in the middle ages, under the Rajputs and the Mohammedans. Responsibility of the government to the people of India was being slowly but gradually awakened. He set out the vernacular journal, Sambad Kaumudi in 1821 to make the political thoughts of the people of Bengal improve and it was the earliest favourable opportunity that helped the spreading of political ideas in Bengal (Samuelson,1889). Security of life and property had been ensured in Calcutta. If not, the English language might have been picked up by a small number of wealthy citizens, and their ideas might be broadened and liberalized with their connections of the English merchants and officials in Calcutta. A selected band of devoted followers had gathered round him with a determination to spread English education and to reawaken the country by means of social and religious reforms. We find Raja R. Roy fighting vigorously against the corrupt practices in the Hindu religion, against the superstitions and inhuman customs of the Hindu society and against the narrow parochial outlook of Indian mind. But a letter of Raja says that all his ideas of social and religious reforms were based on the ideal of bringing about the political regeneration of India. Raja said in 1828, I regret to say that the present systems of religion adhered to by the Hindus is not well-calculated to promote their political interest.(Bimanbihari 1967) Of these the names of Dw arkanath Tagore, Ramanath Tagore, Kaleenath Roy, Uoykontonath Roy, Ram. Chunder Bidyabagish, Hurehuricler Ghose, Gowrechurun Bonnerjee, Shibchandra Dcv and Tarachand Ghuckcrvcrty were associated with Raja in his social, religious, educational and political activities, and in demanding elementary political rights for the people of India. He did not have to see the establishment of a free press in India, but neither the European nor the Indian citizens of Calcutta forgot that it was the effort of Raja which secured for them the freedom of the press in 1835.Raja was acknowledged and respected not only in India but also in England as the pioneer of the political movement in this country. In the Free Press Dinner given to Sir Charles Metcalf in the Town hall on the 9th February, 1838, Mr. Leith proposed a toast to the memory of Ramrnohan Roy, and Prasannacoomar Tagore rose as a friend of the late Roy to thank the liberator of the Press. (Chunder 1901) Rammohan was deeply attached to the right of expressing ones opinion freely. His memorandum to the Supreme Court and appeal to the King in Council regarding the freedom of the press are regarded as the Areopagltica of Indian History. He drew upon history as well as the broad principles of political science to show that freedom of the press is beneficial to the government. Raminohan shows that whatever is of highest excellence in government, or of greatest virtue and social conscience, it can be secured only by the freedom of the Press; while licensing and tyranny of opinion have always gone hand in hand with bad government. He claimed that the Indian people had enjoyed the liberty of the press for so many years since the establishment of the British Rule. (Bimanbihari 1967) A free press means to be the very best channel of information to the supreme authorities in England. Roy did not claim clear liberty for the Indian press. He brought it to the attention of the King in Council that in the past high offices had been open to the people. The freedom of the press had a significant effect to change the thought of the people. The principle of economic activities of Roy was based on the very important practical matters in the country, rather than on the theoretical and philosophical matters. He was strictly attached to the institution of individual property. He deeply believed that the benefits of permanent settlement should be extended to the cultivators, the farmers and labourers in every part of the country. He did not want to see the direct management of land by the Government. Roy believed that every man is entitled by law and must be allowed to enjoy the fruits of his honest labour and good management. (Dutta 1944) He was in favour of the existing prosperous middle class in the country. Roy strongly thought that the duty of the government must be to protect the poor cultivators from the powerful Zamindars. Also the Hindu females must be protected from the oppression of their male relatives. But no legal protection was afforded to the cultivators by the Government.'(Poonam 1990) Raja was moved deeply on seeing the poor condition of the peasantry. Raja suggested three methods for this. The first was the taxation on luxuries which are not necessities for life. The second was the reduction of expenses of the revenue establishment. He proposed that respectable Indians might be appointed collectors on a salary of about three or four hundred rupees per month, instead of European collectors getting a salary of a thousand or one thousand five hundred rupees per month. He wanted to help the over-burdened peasants through reform. And also he wanted to make the higher class of Indians contented and efficient. For the reduction of the cost of administration another reform of far-reaching consequence was suggested. (Tagore 1981) He maintained that permanent settlement with the cultivators would make them attach to the British Government. The question of the drain of Indian wealth was discussed for the first time in the periodical Press. To check such a large drain of Indian wealth, he propos ed that the European capital earned in India should be encouraged to settle in India. Then the wealth might not go out of the country. That is what he believed. Roy opposed the ordinary labourers of England to come and cultivate the land. He expected to welcome only European skill and capital but not labour. He hoped that Europeans would introduce better methods of agriculture and effect improvements on the mechanical side. He knew, however, that it was futile to make a prophecy about the course which History might take in future. (Tagore1981) He wanted to help the Government in improving the moral, social, cultural and political condition of India. He insisted on the moral obligation of the Government to protect the cultivators. He demanded that the Government should promote a more liberal and enlightened system of instruction, embracing Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and Anatomy, with other useful Sciences. He was the earliest pioneer of the rights of women. In 1822 he wrote a book Brief Remarks regarding Modern Encroachments on the ancient rights of females according to the Hindu Law of Inheritance. He pleaded here for the rejection of the modem doctrine limiting womens rights in favour of the older and more liberal views. (New Delhi Publications 1977) By citing texts from ancient law- givers he showed that daughters were entitled to one-fourth part of the portion which a son could inherit. He regretted that the Government had not taken any step to regulate the custom of taking a second wife during the life time of the first. He wrote Had a Magistrate or other public officer been authorized by the rulers of the empire to receive applications for his sanction to a second marriage during the life of the first wife, and to grant his consent only on such accusations as the foregoing being substantiated, the above law might have been rendered effectual, and the distress of the female sex in Bengal and the number of suicides would have been necessarily very much reduced, (Chunder 1901) Roy, the first great thinker, suggested a plan for breaking down the barriers of caste system by introducing inter-caste marriage. (Nag 1972) In this matter, he took the help of the permission given in one of the scriptures In the Mahanirvana Tamtra the Saiva form of marriage is described: There is no discrimination of age, caste or race in the Saiva marrege. As enjoyed by Siva, one should marry a woman without husband and who is not Sapindaie, who is not within the prohibited degree of marriage. (Barua, ed. 1988) He wanted to make this form of marriage more widely prevalent in Hindu society. Had his plan been acceptable to the people, widow-remarriage, inter-caste and interracial marriage would probably have become valid without any fresh legislation. R.R. Roy refused that women were inferior to men in understanding and firmness of character. In his Persian weekly journal, entitled Mirat- ul- Akkhbar, Rammohan wrote an article in April, 1822 on the principles of the English Constitution. He explained the basic objectives of Government as follows, It is not concealed from rational men, that in order to preserve mens lives and properties from the attacks of their fellow-citizens, and to form friendly relations with neighbouring states, and resist the aggressions of nations who aim at aggrandizing themselves on the ruin of others-it is absolutely necessary that every nation should have some kind of government. (Collet 1913) To conquer other peoples territories had been a time-honoured custom of the state in ancient and medieval India. Following the traditional classification of the forms of Government, Roy said, There are three species of Government that may be deduced from reason namely, first every individual of a nation may have an actual share in the executive government; or secondly, the reins of government may be commi tted to a single person ; or thirdly, the affairs of the nation may be entrusted to a portion of the higher class or of the lower class of the people. (Bimanbihari 1967) He did not like to have the rule of a monarch with unlimited power for the best of men are not supposed to be free from passion, and immoderate desires which very often overcome the dictates of reason; or exempted from those errors and vices which belong to human natureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Having thus shown the defects of all the three categories, of Government Rammohan supports the cause of limited or constitutional monarchy in the following words As it is absolutely necessary to have some form of Government, the executive power should be committed to a single individual on condition that he does not infringe the laws established by the nation; which has been experienced to be the best of all forms of Government, since in this case the subjects have the power, of watching the proceedings of the executive Government; w hich is thus obliged to court the goodwill of its subjects. (Bimanbihari1967) Raja Rammohan Roy was one of the earliest champions of the noble ideal of international cooperation. The prayer he made to the Supreme Being was May God render religion destructive of differences and dislike between man and man, and conducive to the peace and union of mankind. Rammohan, the strong thread of the universal brotherhood, suggested various means by which the union between India and Great Britain might become strong and permanent. He thought that the complete security of property, equality before the eye of law, enjoyment of all the civil rights, appointment to high offices according to merit, and consultation of public opinion, if allowed by the Government, would make the Indians firmly attached to the present system of Government, so that it may become consolidated, and maintain itself by the influence of the intelligent and respectable classes of the inhabitants, and by the general good-will of the people, and not any longer stand isolated in the midst of its people, supporting itself merely by the exertion of superior force. (New Delhi Publications 1977) But Raja was no doctrinaire and did not believe in political prophecy. He knew perfectly that in spite of all he had said about the means of securing the permanence of Brit ish rule in India, a time might come for India to become independent of England. He expected that the separation should be a peaceful one and that India with the help of the Christian powers of Europe should take up the task of enlightening and civilizing the surrounding nations of Asia. Anagarika Dharmapala One who was to be born in1864 fathered by a businessman called Don Carolis Hewavitharana, was named as Don David. His parents had to name him so because a Christian name had to be given to a child born during this period. Don Carolis Hewawitharana was one of the most cordial and the closest helpers and the followers of Henry Olcott. Don David was educated in English at Saint Benadict College and at Saint Thomas college and finally at Royal college. Then he had to learn Christianity. In the meanwhile he was taught Buddhism at home by his parents. Colonel Henry Olcott came to Sri Lanka with his wife and were warmly welcomed. In 1880 he joined the Anti-Alcoholic Movement (Amadyapa viyaparaya) and became a fulltime activist. In 1883, the attack on the procession at Kotahena was witnessed by him and he determined to devote his time and energy for the improvement of the standard of the Buddhists in Sri Lanka. In 1884 with Madam Blawtski-the wife of Henry, he went to India. In 1886 he was t he interpreter of Sir Olcotts speeches at his journey of reformation of Buddhism and the Buddhists and for this duty he decided to resign from his government job. Then onwards he devoted his full time and energy for the securing of the Buddhism and the Buddhists. In 1886-1890 he was appointed as the General Manager of the School of Idealism. In 1888 he changed his name given to him in his birth certificate and came to be named as Dharmapala. In 1895 he left his lay- life or the household life andbecame as a monk. In1890 he went to India and experienced the destructive situation of the temples in India and started a reconstruction campaign. He established the Maha Boddhi Society (The Great Buddhist Association) and brought all those temples and their administration under the control of the above association. In the establishment of the G.B.A, he was helped by Ven..Hikkaduve Sumangala, Colonel Olcott, G.P.Weerakkodiand Charles Batuwantudawe. In 1893 at the World Religious Conference i n Chicago he worked and appeared for the Theravada Buddhism. At this conference his speech brought him an invitation to England made by Sir Edwin Arnold. He was on the religious diplomatic service of Buddhism in countries like Japan, Burma, Englandand Switzerland. He became a very famous figure at the judicial trial made in 1895 at Buddhagaya. After this trial Buddhagaya was brought under a Buddhist administration. As a result Dharmapala became a prominent figure among the Buddhists and was recognized as a hero for securing the Buddhagaya. (Sangharakshita 1983)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Around the 1890s ,his an article arousing the patriotic feelings among the Sinhalese Buddhists through the Sarasavi Sadaresa newspaper, became a very crucial matter of his career as a national hero. He wrote, By studying the stone scriptures and stone structures in Anuradhapura it is very clear that the incomparable, invaluable and skilful works of talented ancient Sinhalese but he wrote on today the white men are addressed as Sir by all Sinhalese and they must not be slaves to them at any cost.(Sarasavi Sandarasa 1881) His devotion on the upliftment of Buddhism and the Buddhists made him a very popular figure among the people of the country. In 1911 he came to Sri Lanka after a long of journey on religious services. In 1906 he started a Sinhala Buddhist newspaper called Sinhala Bauddhaya and it was the main means to unite the Sinhala Buddhists. (Karunarathna 2002) In 1903 he started a project to protect the holy places of ancient value in Anuradhapura.(Jayawardene 2004) He started an Anti-alcoholic Movement under the slogan of Alcoholic addict is an outcast. (Jayawardene 2004) He had many lectures against the use of alcohol by the Sinhalese. He was strictly against the slaughtering of cattle for flesh eating. Dont drink toddy and dont be a toddy cat were the words which came out of his lips seeing the mad addiction of people on alcohol. He voiced out saying Dont do any menial services to the whites. (Karunarathna 2002) Around 1911 he became a pioneer social reformer. He was a patriot and made speeches arousing the patriotic feeling of the people. He wanted to keep the younger generation stand against the whites and to make them stand erect with the real Sinhalese backbone. The speeches made by him resulted in motivating the self-confidence in the heart of the nation. He attacked verbally to the Westernized well to do class in Sri Lanka very seriously. He made them aware of the need of their full cooperation in the case of the development of the Sr i Lankan nation. (karunarathna 200) Dharmapala said that while Tamils and Muslims were keenly participating in business the Sinhalese Buddhists never attempted to develop themselves. He blamed the Sinhalese at point blank for their weak points and asked them to think and start practising the skills they had for the benefit of themselves and for the country. Whatever the wealth the Sinhalese had, he said that they only followed the life of the white and were their followers. He had seen that the resources we had, werent utilized by the majority of the Sinhalese instead what they did,   according to him, was copying the Western life ,culture and spending money only on that.(Nawarathna 2007) He expected a self-developed, self dependant and an independent economic system in the country based on the exemplary plans of Japan. During 1860-1905 Japan could overcome all the difficulties caused by the war and she became an industrialized nation and it was more prominent during the Russian-Japan war. In this situation it was Japan which exhibited that Asians could win the goal of industrialization better than Europeans. Above were the ideas Dharmapala motivated to go ahead of fighting for an independent self confident and self-developed nation. Once he described how Japan reached the goal of self- prosperity like this In 1870 Europeans knew nothing of Japanese. In the same year some nobles of Japan left for America, England, France, Germany and Russia on an educational tour. There they could examine the cultural environment and the skilfulness of their technical methods. Coming back to their mother country they planned their own way of teaching these aspects to the Japanese youn ger generation. More than fifty students were sent to such developed countries and they were given a thorough knowledge of the relevant fields. They came back to Japan and started their duties and responsibilities to develop the country in an indigenous way securing their local culture and customs. Then only they were able to produce high standard industrial productions instead of importing them from European countries. He further explained that without producing anything and waiting for the goods to come from other countries agape the rich class in Sri Lanka tried to earn money from unnecessary sources. He criticized this practice very gravely and the oppressing of common people by the haves was also critically rejected by Ven.Dharmapala. (Sinhala Bauddhaya 1911) He had a great expectation to secure the development through harmonizing the working people and the businessmen and achieving the industrial knowledge for the development process. He was a great believer in developing the local economy based on local resources. Once he said that there is no other stupid nation in the level of as Sri Lanka. He wrote to Sinhala Bauddhaya, Every basic need is expected to come from the ship. The richest in my country are the best fools in the world. The other nations in other countries collect wealth through businesses. Some are producing many goods and earn enough money. But the richest in my country do nothing but only kill cattle, eat their rotten flesh, establish taverns and bars or distil arrack. They enjoy life by drinking alcohol and enwrapping the westernized cultural cloth around their fleshy naked body. (Sinhala Bauddhaya 1911) The common Sinhalese were very fond of listening to his speeches and he was very popular among them. He was a prominent leader among the common folk. His speeches depicted the urgent necessity of reawakening of Sinhalese into the self prospering future. He expressed that Sinhalese are fools with no abilities of handicrafts but only have the abilities of begetting children. He seriously opposed and rejected the way of addressing the whites by our Sinhalese. He didnt like to hear them being addressed as Sir. He understood that the whites will never develop the country but they wanted only to earn money here and destroy the Sinhalese nation. (Karunarathna2002) He said that only 10 Sinhalese youth who knew the crafts would be enough to develop the country. He strongly believed in the self governing system. (Sinhala Bauddhaya 1912) It was the experience of Japanese. He requested the local wealthy class to come forward and be the leaders of the development process of the country. On the ot her hand, he was a racist. He believed that by rousing the thoughts of Sinhalese racism the awakening of Buddhism and economic development could be gained. For this he invited the rich to take the lead. To enjoy the self- government and the Buddhist cultural environment he stressed the need of racism. He made an invitation to three groups in society. They were the working class, crafts men farmers and businessmen and the educated lot such as Sir Obeysekara, Sir James Peries, Paul Peries, Simon Silva, Richard Silva, John Silva, Donald Obeysekara, Jayawardhana, Hulugalle Adhikaram and the authors of the press. From the business class the figures like M. Don Karolis and sons H.Fernando, D.D. Pediris, W.E.Bestian, etc were among them. (Sinhala Bauddhaya 1912) Anagarika Darmapala strongly objected to the taking over of the lands under the Barren Lands Act. He did not like to see the Sinhalese landowners to become labourers of their own lands under the whites. (Bandara 2007) The Colonial authorities paid their keen attention to the continuation of Dharmapalas bitter criticism of their regime. Dharmapala wanted to have an organization of the people to work against the English rulers in the country. On the 20th of September in 1911 he wrote an article to the press speaking of the need of self government of Sinhalese for the Sinhalese land. (Sinhala Bauddhaya 1912) Dharmapala was reported to be an extremist by the Colonial Secretary to the then Governor. As a result it was decided to bring him before the court for acting against the Crown. (Guruge1965) But Attorney General said that there was no clue to have any law suit against him. But the Governor didnt accept it. Further, Attorney General wrote that, after a long period of investigation w ith the help of the police, on his work, there was no evidence to sue him. (Bandar 2007) The saddest thing was that some Sinhalese who were the followers of English rulers went against his ideas. Such a one was the author of Lakmini Pahana Reginold Fernando. He wrote a letter to the Colonial Secretary dated 17th October in 1912 (Guruge1965) requesting to take legal action against the patriot Anagarika Dharmapala for being a real local hero for fighting for the independence of the nation. However, the Government couldnt take action against Dharmapala and instead the author of the paper was taken into custody and was sent to prison for 3 months. (Guruge1965) Whatever the struggle he made for the protection and the establishment of Buddhism and the benefits of the Buddhists and the freedom of the country Anagarika Dharmapala didnt have any vision of a political movement. Among the business society and the educated class he was not welcomed as they were afraid of him to be their closest friend. This is because his ideas were against the British rulers. He was accused of being against the working class. He wrote to the Governor saying that he only opposed the ways the officials worked and it was a truth that he worked against them but not against the British Crown. He firmly said that he was a strong believer in the Crown and he was much trustworthy of the Crown. (Guruge1965) He insisted that his only aim was to work for the sake of Buddhism and the people of the country and for the ethics, customs and the cultural values of the people but not for the British government. (Siri Sumedha 1999) But the rulers did pay careful attention to his wo rk. As the things went on like this he started a campaign for making the people of the values of enjoying the self economical development and Buddhist based self-sufficiency with the process of self government. He made a scholarship scheme to Japan and educated the able students for establishment of a systematical industrial economic situation in the country with the improvement of handicraft abilities of the youth. As a result in 1913 at Rajagiriya, Hewawitharana Weaving School was started with the patronage of Hewawitharana family. (Dinamina 1915, Sinhala Bauddhaya 1922)   Finally, he invited the educatedand other well to do groups in the country to take the leadership of building a Buddhist cultural and economic country based on racism. However, his addressing focused only on the well to do Sinhalese Buddhist figures in society. Those who benefited from the rulers of the Crown didnt pay any attention to Dharmapalas propaganda. Tamils, Muslims and Europeans were not addressed by him for the progress in the country. In 1915 Sinhalese and Muslim conflict made him a prisoner in India for about 5 years. (Jayawardene 200) But except a very few, others didnt speak for him because of his racist thoughts. Though he was a Sinhalese Buddhist racist, if there was a Buddhists leader who worked for the benefit of the Buddhist people it was none other than Anagarika Dharmapala. Conclusion Raja Rammohan Roy and Anagarika Dharmapala could be recognized as two great personalities who fulfilled a special role in the social reform activities of their respective countries. Both of them had a good English education and learned various facts from books and newspapers as well as through social contacts about the freedom enjoyed in other countries of the world. Therefore they very well realized the miserable situation of the masses in their countries caused by the British hegemony. To rectify this and to supply the needs of the suffering masses they introduced social reforms. These were introduced along political, social, cultural, economic and religious lines and a national identity was formed through this. Therefore Roy and Dharmapala should indisputably be accepted as pioneer social reformists who paved theway for the national freedom urgently needed by the people of both countries.